财政联邦制二.pptxVIP

财政联邦制（二） 1 主要内容 财产税 土地税与资本化 中央政府补助 中国的转移支付 2 财产税 2002年, 美国财政税收入$279billion 几乎全由地方政府征收，占地方财政收入的73% 很少对对住房以外的个人财富征收，主要对建筑物（住房）征收 应纳税额=税率*估定价值（assessed value） 有效税率=财产税/市场价值 估定比率=估定价值/ 市场价值 如何估价？ 3 三种决定财产评估价值的方法（本部分内容供参考） 售价比较法 Comparative Sales Comparison 多个类似财产的售价比较 V = 10,000 + 37.5FT + 9000 Bath + 2000 BR + 2200 Garage 1 sq ft=0.0929sq meters If FT(面积) =2000, Bath(浴室) = 2, BR(卧室)=3, Garage(车库)=2, Estimated V = $10000+ $37.5*2000 + $9000*2 +$2000*3 + $2200*2 = $94,650. 4 收入法 Income Approach 产生收入的财产 20 unit apartment, each unit rent =500 /month, Total rent (租金)= 500*12*20 =$120,000. Cost(成本)=100,000. Net income = 20,000; Year = 20; r= 8%; PV = 20,000/1.08^t = $212,072, where t= 0 to 19. 成本法 适用于新建和特殊目的财产 5 美国的财产税率 6 财产税的税收归宿 对于财产税最终由谁承担，有三种观点 财产税作为货物税 财产税作为资本税 财产税作为使用费 7 财产税的税收归宿 如果财政税为货物税，相当于对土地或建筑物征税。税收归宿由供求弹性决定 作为土地：供给无弹性 作为建筑物：供给完全有弹性 因此，税收归宿需要区分土地和建筑物，对二者征税的收入分配结果不一样 8 土地的税收归宿 9 10 土地税与资本化 Special issues arise when land is taxed. Fixed supply, immobile, durable Assume annual rental rate is $Rt at time t. If market for land is competitive, its value is simply equal to the present discounted value of rental payments: 11 土地税与资本化 Assume a tax of $ut is then imposed in each period t. The returns on owning land therefore fall, and purchasers take this into account. Thus, the price falls to: 12 土地税与资本化 The difference in these prices is simply the present discounted value of tax payments: At the time the tax is imposed (not collected), the price of the land falls by the present value of all future tax payments, a process known as capitalization. 13 土地税与资本化 The person who bears the full burden of the tax forever is the landlord at the time the tax is levied. Future landlords write the checks to the tax authority, but these payments are not a “burden” because they paid a lower price for the land from the current landlord. Also works the other way, when a new benefit is announced (e.g., better schools). 建筑物的税收归宿 14 资本的用途是多样的，建筑物征税影响到资金配置，建筑物的供给曲线是完全水平的。 财产税的