材料学导论复习及翻译.docxVIP

Atomic Structure and Interatomic Bonding：（原子结构和原子间键合）Chapter Outline -Review of Atomic Structure Electrons, Protons, Neutrons, Quantum mechanics of atoms, Electron states, The Periodic Table（电子质子中子量子原子电子态，在周期表中的力学）Atomic Bonding in Solids Bonding Energies and ForcesPeriodic Table Primary Interatomic Bonds Ionic, Covalent, Metallic（离子型，共价键，金属）Secondary Bonding (Van der Waals) 次级键 Three types of Dipole BondsMolecules and Molecular Solids Chapter Outline Understanding of interatomic bonding is the first step towards understanding/explaining materials properties了解原子间键合是迈向理解/解释材料性能的第一步Electronegativity - a measure of how willing atoms are to accept electronsBonding force and energies：This is typical potential well for two interacting atoms The repulsion between atoms, when they are brought close to each other, is related to the Pauli principle:when the electronic clouds surrounding the atoms starts to overlap, the energy of the system increases abruptly. The origin of the attractive part, dominating at large distances, depends on the particular type of bonding这是典型的势阱，用于两个相互作用的原子的原子之间的斥力，当它们被带到彼此靠近，是关系到泡利原理：当周围的原子的电子云开始重叠，该系统增大了能量突然。迷人的部分的起源，雄踞在大的距离，取决于特定类型的粘接上 Primary interatomic bonds：Primary bonding: e- are transferred or shared Strong (100-1000 KJ/mol or 1-10 eV/atom) Ionic bonding: 负离子结合力Strong Coulomb interaction among negative atoms (have an extra electron each) and positive atoms (lost an electron). Example - Na+Cl- 负原子之间强大的库仑相互作用（有一个额外的电子每个）Covalent: electrons are shared between the molecules, to saturate the valency. Example - H2 共价：电子在分子之间共享，以饱和的化合价。Metallic: the atoms are ionized, loosing some electrons from the valence band. Those electrons form a electron sea, which binds the charged nuclei in place 金属：原子被电离，失去了从价带的一些电子。这些电子形成的电子云，其中结合带电原子核到位 Formation of ionic bond: 离子键1. Mutual ionization occurs by electron transfer (remember electronegativity table) ? 双方发生电离通过电子转移Ion = charged atom ? 离子=电荷的原子Anion = negatively charged atom ? 负离子=