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Absolute Lineshifts - A new diagnostic for stellar hydrodynamics.pdf

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Absolute Lineshifts - A new diagnostic for stellar hydrodynamics

a r X i v : a s t r o - p h / 0 3 0 2 5 9 1 v 1 2 8 F e b 2 0 0 3 Modelling of Stellar Atmospheres IAU Symposium, Vol. 210, xxxx N.E.Piskunov, W.W.Weiss, D.F.Gray, eds. Absolute Lineshifts – a new diagnostic for stellar hydrodynamics Dainis Dravins Lund Observatory, Box 43, SE-22100 LUND, Sweden Abstract. For hydrodynamic model atmospheres, absolute lineshifts are becoming an observable diagnostic tool beyond the classical ones of line-strength, -width, -shape, and -asymmetry. This is the wavelength displacement of different types of spectral lines away from the positions naively expected from the Doppler shift caused by stellar radial motion. Caused mainly by correlated velocity and brightness patterns in granular convection, such absolute lineshifts could in the past be studied only for the Sun (since the relative Sun-Earth motion, and the ensuing Doppler shift is known). For other stars, this is now becoming possible thanks to three separate developments: (a) Astrometric determination of stellar ra- dial motion; (b) High-resolution spectrometers with accurate wavelength calibration, and (c) Accurate laboratory wavelengths for several atomic species. Absolute lineshifts offer a tool to segregate various 2- and 3- dimensional models, and to identify non-LTE effects in line formation. 1. Progress in understanding stellar atmospheres Improved understanding of physical processes in stellar atmospheres comes from the interplay between theory and observations. The validity of, e.g., hydrody- namic simulations of stellar photospheres can be tested by whether they succeed in reproducing observed shapes and asymmetries of photospheric spectral lines. On one hand, the success of such models (at least for solar-type stars) is en- couraging in suggesting that many physical processes probably are beginning to get understood. However, on the other hand, different models with dissimilar parameter combinations sometimes are able to produce similar results, showing the need f