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Freeze Casting of Porous Hydroxyapatite Scaffolds. 1
Freeze Casting of Porous Hydroxyapatite
Scaffolds. I. Processing and General Microstructure
Qiang Fu,1 Mohamed N. Rahaman,1 Fatih Dogan,1 B. Sonny Bal2
1 Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Missouri-Rolla, Rolla, Missouri 65409
2 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri 65212
Received 24 May 2007; revised 10 September 2007; accepted 1 October 2007
Published online 20 December 2007 in Wiley InterScience (). DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.30997
Abstract: Freeze casting of aqueous suspensions on a cold substrate was investigated as a
method for preparing hydroxyapatite (HA) scaffolds with unidirectional porosity. In the
present paper, we report on the ability to manipulate the microstructure of freeze-cast
constructs by controlling the processing parameters. Constructs prepared from aqueous
suspensions (5–20 volume percent particles) on a steel substrate at 2208C had a lamellar-type
microstructure, consisting of plate-like HA and unidirectional pores oriented in the direction
of freezing. Sintering for 3 h at 13508C produced constructs with dense HA lamellas, porosity
of 50%, and inter-lamellar pore widths of 5–30 lm. The thickness of the HA lamellas
decreased but the width of the pores increased with decreasing particle concentration.
Decreasing the substrate temperature from 2208C to 21968C produced a finer lamellar
microstructure. The use of water-glycerol mixtures (20 wt % glycerol) as the solvent in the
suspension resulted in the production of finer pores (1–10 lm) and a larger number of
dendritic growth connecting the HA lamellas. On the other hand, the use of water-dioxane
mixtures (60 wt % dioxane) produced a cellular-type microstructure with larger pores (90–110
lm). The ability to produce a uniaxial microstructure and its manipulation by controlling the
processing parameters indicate the potential of the present freeze casting route for the
production of scaffolds for bone tissue engineering applic
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