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Multifrequency Forcing of a Hopf Oscillator Model of the Inner Ear.pdf

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Multifrequency Forcing of a Hopf Oscillator Model of the Inner Ear

a r X i v : 0 7 0 7 .4 5 0 3 v 1 [ n l i n .P S ] 3 0 J u l 2 0 0 7 Multifrequency Forcing of a Hopf Oscillator Model of the Inner Ear K.A. Montgomery 1 Mathematics Department, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT February 1, 2008 1Corresponding author. Address: Mathematics Department, University of Utah, 155 South 1400 East, Room 233, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, U.S.A., Tel.: (801)419- 1520 Abstract In response to a sound stimulus, the inner ear emits sounds called otoacous- tic emissions. While the exact mechanism for the production of otoacoustic emissions is not known, active motion of individual hair cells is thought to play a role. Two possible sources for otoacoustic emissions, both localized within individual hair cells, include somatic motility and hair bundle motil- ity. Because physiological models of each of these systems are thought to be poised near a Hopf bifurcation, the dynamics of each can be described by the normal form for a system near a Hopf bifurcation. Here we demonstrate that experimental results from three–frequency suppression experiments can be predicted based on the response of an array of noninteracting Hopf os- cillators tuned at different frequencies. This supports the idea that active motion of individual hair cells contributes to active processing of sounds in the ear. Interestingly, the model suggests an explanation for differing results recorded in mammals and nonmammals. Key words: Hair Cells; Inner Ear; Hopf Bifurcation; Otoacoustic Emissions Multifrequency Forcing 2 Introduction The inner ear is more than a passive recorder of sounds. It also actively processes sounds using metabolic energy to spectrally analyze and amplify the stimulus (1, 2, 3, 4, 5). One consequence of the inner ear’s active sound processing is that it produces sounds called otoacoustic emissions. Otoacoustic emissions, which consist of combinations of sounds at discrete frequencies, can occur either in the absence or in the presence of a sound stimu