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Negative specific heat in out-of-equilibrium nonextensive systems.pdf

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Negative specific heat in out-of-equilibrium nonextensive systems

a r X i v : n u c l - t h / 0 2 0 2 0 7 5 v 2 2 6 F e b 2 0 0 2 NEGATIVE SPECIFIC HEAT IN OUT-OF-EQUILIBRIUM NONEXTENSIVE SYSTEMS A. Rapisarda? and V. Latora Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, Universita? di Catania and INFN Sezione di Catania, Corso Italia 57, I-95129 Catania, Italy ————————— Talk presented at the International Workshop on Multifragmentation INFN-LNS, Catania 28th November - 1st December 2001 ? Corresponding author, e-mail: andrea.rapisarda@ct.infn.it (February 8, 2008) We discuss the occurrence of negative specific heat in a nonextensive system which has an equilibrium second-order phase transition. The specific heat is negative only in a transient regime before equilibration , in correspondence to long-lasting metastable states. For these states standard equilibrium Bolzmann-Gibbs thermodynamics does not apply and the system shows non-Gaussian velocity distributions, anomalous diffusion and correlation in phase space. Similar results have recently been found also in several other nonextensive systems, supporting the general validity of this scenario. These models seem also to support the conjecture that a nonexstensive statistical formalism, like the one proposed by Tsallis, should be applied in such cases. The theoretical scenario is not completely clear yet , but there are already many strong theoretical indications suggesting that, it can be wrong to consider the observation of an experimental negative specific heat as an unique and unambiguous signature of a standard equilibrium first-order phase transition. I. INTRODUCTION In the last years there has been an increasing interest in phase transitions occurring in systems of finite size. Nuclear multifragmentation phase transition is only one of the most interesting examples [1]. There has also been a lively debate in the literature on how to detect unambiguously the occurrence of a phase transition in small systems. An interesting proposal has been the measurement of negative specific h