生物化学chap1幻灯片.pptVIP

Carbohydrate 碳水化合物 Carbon 碳 Hydrogen 氢 Oxygen 氧 Nitrogen 氮 Protein/nucleic acid/lipid Stereoisomers 立体异构体 Monosaccharides 单糖 Oligosaccharides 低聚糖 Polysaccharides 多聚糖 Glycoprotein 糖蛋白 Ribose 核糖 glucose 葡萄糖/fructose 果糖 Chap 1 Carbohydrate Definition, function and classification of carbohydrates Structure and stereoisomers(立体异构体) of several important monosaccharides(单糖) Knowledge of several oligosaccharides(低聚糖) or polysaccharides(多聚糖) Definition Functions Energy source for organism Carbon source for synthesis of other substances (e.g. protein, nucleic acid, lipid etc.) Structure components (e.g. cellulose constitutes the structure of plants) Bioactive substances (e.g. some glycoprotein serve for cell discrimination) Classification of carbohydrates Monosaccharides (e.g. ribose(核糖), glucose(葡萄糖), fructose(果糖)etc) Oligosaccharides—more than two but less than ten monosaccharides joined by glycosidic bonds(糖苷键) (e.g. Sucrose(蔗糖), maltose(麦芽糖), lactose(乳糖 )etc.) Polysaccharides—more than 10 monosaccharides joined by glycosidic bonds (e.g. starch, cellulose, hyaluronic acid(透明质酸) etc.) Compound-saccharides—composed of sugars and non-sugar substances (e.g. glycoprotein, glycolipid etc.) Chemical constitution Aldose a sugar that bears an aldehyde group is called aldose; Ketose a sugar that bears a ketone group is called ketose. CHO CH2OH (CHOH)4 C=O CH2OH (CHOH)3 CH2OH glucose fructose (an aldose) (a ketose) They have the same chemical components C6H12O6 , but differ in structure (structural isomers) Reducing sugars and non-reducing sugars Sugars that contain a free aldehyde or ketone group in the open-chain configuration can reduce cupric ions (Cu2+) to cuprous ions (Cu+)---reducing sugars Basis of Fehling’s tests for reduci