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540 Sensory rhodopsin II: functional insights from structure John L Spudich* and Hartmut Luecke† Atomic resolution structures of a sensory rhodopsin phototaxis attractant motility responses to the green/orange wavelengths receptor in haloarchaea (the first sensory member of the used by the ion pumps BR and HR, whereas SRII mediates widespread microbial rhodopsin family) have yielded insights blue light avoidance responses. SRI also mediates repellent into the interaction face with its membrane-embedded responses to damaging near-UV light by a color-sensitive transducer and into the mechanism of spectral tuning. two-photon mechanism, so that cells migrate toward Spectral differences between sensory rhodopsin and the green/orange regions but not into full spectrum solar light-driven proton pump bacteriorhodopsin depend largely radiation containing damaging short wavelength photons. upon the repositioning of a conserved arginine residue in the The SRI and SRII proteins are subunits of multicom- chromophore-binding pocket. Information derived from the ponent signaling complexes and relay signals by structures, combined with biophysical and biochemical protein–protein interactions to the integral membrane analysis, has established a model for receptor activation and transducer proteins (HtrI and HtrII, respectively) which signal relay, in which light-induced helix tilting in the receptor control a cytoplasmic phosphorylation pathway that is transmitted to the transducer by lateral transmembrane modulates the cell’s motility apparatus. helix–helix interactions. Among the archaeal sensory rhodopsins, the SRII homolog Addresses