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Klobuchar-Ionospheric-Model
Klobuchar Ionospheric Model 1
Klobuchar Ionospheric Model
Title Klobuchar Ionospheric Model
Author(s) HasAuthor::J. Sanz Subirana, J.M. Juan Zornoza and M. Hernández-Pajares, Technical University of
Catalonia, Spain.
Level HasLevel::Advanced
Year of Publication HasPublicationDate::2011
GPS satellites broadcast the parameters of the Klobuchar ionospheric model for single frequency users. The
Klobuchar model was designed to minimise user computational complexity and user computer storage as far as to
keep a minimum number of coefficients to transmit on satellite-user link.
This broadcast model is based on an empirical approach [Klobuchar, 1987] [1] and is estimated to reduce about the
50% RMS ionospheric range error worldwide. It is assumed that the electron content is concentrated in a thin layer at
kilometres in height. Thence, the slant delay is computed from the vertical delay at the Ionospheric Pierce Point
(IPP) [2] multiplying by a obliquity factor, i.e., the mapping function, see figure 1 and equation (9).
Figure 1: Ionospheric Pierce Points (IPPs), Vertical and Slant delay illustration. The IPPs trajectories for a receiver in
Barcelona, Spain are shown in the map. The figure at bottom right shows the obliquity factor variation with the elevation
of ray.
Klobuchar Algorithm equations
The Klobuchar algorithm to run in a single frequency receiver is provided as follows (from [Klobuchar, 1987][1]):
Klobuchar Ionospheric Model 2
Given the user approximate geodetic latitude , longitude , elevation angle and azimuth of the observed
satellite and the coefficients and broadcasted in the GPS satellite navigation message:
1. Calculate the earth-centred angle (elevation in semicircles).
2. Compute the latitude of the Ionospheric Pierce Point (IPP)[3].
If the . If the .
3. Compute the longitude of the IPP.
4. Find the geomagnetic latitude of the IPP.
5. Find the local time at the IPP.
where ,
therefore: If , subtract . If , add .
6. Compute the amplitude of ionospheric de
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