生物专业英语Lesson 4-Foundations of Genetics.pptVIP

Foundations of Genetics;Foundations of Genetics;Allele:等位基因alternative forms of a gene for a particular characteristic (e.g. attached earlobe([????l??b]耳垂) genes and free earlobe genes are alternative alleles for ear shape)nonallelic genes:非等位基因;dihybrid cross: 双因子杂种杂交 AaBbXAaBbtest cross：测交 F1Xaa 确定F1是纯合子还是杂合子a cross between a heterozygote(异质结合体) of unknown genotype and an individual homozygous(同型的) for the recessive genes in question;Dominant:显性的 dominance the member of a pair of alleles that shows its effect in the phenotype whatever other allele is present.recessive:隐性的 recessiveness the member of a pair of alleles that does not shows its effect in the presence of any other allelic partner.;Genotype:基因型the catalog of genes of an organism, whether or not these genes are expressed.Karyotype:核型，染色体组型phenotype:表现型the physical, chemical, and psychological (心理的)expression of genes possessed by an organism.;Germ(种子,胚) plasm theory:种质论a substance thought to be transmitted in the gametes(配子,germ cells) in an unchanged form from generation to generation. The germ plasm was believed to be unaffected by the environment and to give rise to the body cells.德国生物学家A.魏斯曼1892年提出的有关遗传物质的学说，认为多细胞的生物体可截然地区分为种质和体质两部分。种质是亲代传递给后代的遗传物质，存留在生殖细胞的染色体上,种质可以发育为新个体的体质,但有一部分仍保持原来的状态作为后代发育的基础，体质可以通过生长和发育而形成为新个体的各个组织和器官，但它不能产生种质。体质受环境影响而获得的变异性状也不能遗传给后代。体质随个体死亡而消失；只有种质才能世代传递，连续不绝。所以这一学说又称为种质连续学说。为后来T.H.摩尔根开创的细胞遗传学和对遗传物质的深入探索奠定了理论基础。;Homozygous:纯合的a diploid organism that has two identical alleles for particular characteristicheterozygous:杂合的a diploid organism that has two different allelic forms of a particular gene. ;Incomplete dominance:不完全显性the condition in which two allelic genes have a different effect when they are together as a heterozygote in a diploid cell than either of them have in the homozygous state.Codominance:共显性杂合体中一对等位基因的作用都表现;Law of independent assortment:独立分配定律members of one gene pair will separate from each ot