Chapter 7課件.PPTVIP

Evolution-- Batch systems Batch systems Each program to be executed was called a job. A programmer who wished to execute a job sent a request to the operating room along with punched cards for the program and data. Operating systems only ensured that all of the resources were transferred from one job to the next. Evolution--Time-sharing systems Multiprogramming to hold several jobs in memory only assign a resource to a job that needs it on the condition that the resource is available. Time sharing Resource can be shared between different jobs Scheduling OS allocates the resources to different programs and deciding which program should use which resource when. Process A job is a program to be run, a process is a program that in memory and waiting for resources. Evolution (cont.) Personal systems Single-user operating systems Example: DOS (disk operating system) Parallel systems Multiple CPUs on the same machine Distributed systems A program can be run partially on one computer and partially on another computer if they are connected through an internetwork. A operating system has at least four duties: memory manager, process manager, device manager, and file manager. Memory manager (1) Monoprogramming OS load a program, run it, and then replace it with the next program. Only one program is in memory for execution. Problems: The program must fit in memory. When one program is being run, no other program can be executed. Memory manager (2) Multiprogramming--Nonswapping Partitioning (Fig. 7.6) Memory is divided into variable length sections. Each section or partition holds one program. The CPU switches between programs Problems: The size of the partitions has to be determined beforehand by the memory manager. There may be some holes after programs are replaced by new ones. Memory manager (3) Multiprogramming--Nonswapping Paging Paging improves the efficiency of the partitioning. Memory is divided into equally sized sections called frames. The program is divided into eq