生產论.pptVIP

第三章生产论;Introduction;从消费者行为理论向生产者行为理论的推衍;基本经济原理;生产者行为理论;生产论;厂商的概念;企业的本质G121-123;企业的本质G121-123;信息不完全;厂商的目标;The Technology of Production;投入要素G124;Production Function:;Production Function;Isoquants（等产量曲线、等产量线）;Isoquants;Isoquants;Production Function for Food;Production with Two Variable Inputs (L,K);Input Flexibility：投入的可变性;The Short Run versus the Long Run;不变投入和可变投入;对短期和长期生产的考察;一种可变生产要素的生产函数; Amount Amount Total Average Marginal of Labor (L) of Capital (K) Output (Q) Product Product;Observations:1) With additional workers, output (Q) increases, reaches a maximum, and then decreases. 劳动的总产量TPL指与一定的可变要素劳动的投入量相对应的最大产出量。 ;Observations:2) The average product of labor (AP), or output per worker, increases and then decreases. 劳动的平均产量APL指平均每一单位可变要素劳动的投入量所生产的产量。 ;Observations:3) The marginal product of labor (MP), or output of the additional worker, increases rapidly initially and then decreases and becomes negative.. 劳动的边际产量MPL指增加一单位可变要素劳动投入量所增加的产量。;一个拐点，一个共线点，一个顶点;Total Product:TPL ;Average Product;Observations: When MP = 0, TP is at its maximum When MP AP, AP is increasing When MP AP, AP is decreasing When MP = AP, AP is at its maximum;Production withOne Variable Input (Labor);总产量、平均产量和边际产量之间的关系;边际产量与总产量间的关系;平均产量和总产量之间的关系;边际产量与平均产量的关系;短期生产的三个阶段;第1阶段;第3阶段;第2阶段;对一种可变生产要素的生产函数来说，边际产量表现出先上升而最终下降的特征，称为边际报酬递减规律，或边际收益递减规律 在生产中普遍存在这么一种现象：在技术水平不变的条件下，连续等量地增加某一种可变生产要素，当该要素的投入量小于某一特定值时，所带来的边际产量是递增的，当超过某个特定值时，边际产量开始递减（原因是有一个最佳的要素投入比例）;短期中劳动最优投入;The Effect ofTechnological Improvement;Malthus（1766-1834） predicted mass hunger and starvation as diminishing returns limited agricultural output and the population continued to grow. Why did Malthus’ prediction fail?;Index of World FoodConsumption Per Capita;Malthus and the Food Crisis;Malthus and the Food Crisis;Malthus and the Food Crisis;关于边际报酬递减规律;两种可变生产要素的生产函数;两者可变生产要素的生产函数;等产量线;等产量线和固定比例生产;Managers want to determine what combination if inputs to use. They must deal with the trade-off between inputs.