第1章人体结构概述.pptVIP

第一章人体基本结构概述;第一节 细胞的结构与功能;The structure of the cell;Functions of the Cell;How We See Cells;共聚焦显微镜;透射电镜;扫描电镜;神经元的尼氏染色;神经元的Golgi染色;正常神经元中只存在神经微丝， 神经微丝缠结中存在tau蛋白 大箭头所指神经元为病态神经元，小箭头所指神经元为死亡的神经元;细胞骨架的荧光染色;神经管形成（第3周）扫描电镜图像;缠结中的部分受损的神经微丝;;;The Plasma Membrane细胞膜;极性头;Membrane Lipids;脂质双分子层;;;Membrane Proteins;细胞膜蛋白;细胞膜蛋白的功能;果蝇细胞膜上的钾离子通道电镜照片;钾离子通道化学结构图;细胞膜糖类;Plasma Membrane Transport细胞膜的物质转运功能;Movement Through the Plasma Membrane;3. Large polar substances ( e.g., glucose and amino acids) are transported through the membrane by carrier molecules. 4. Larger pieces of material enter cells in vesicles.;Diffusion（扩散）;Diffusion（扩散）;4. The end result of diffusion is a uniform distribution of molecules. 5. Diffusion requires no expenditure of energy. ;单纯扩散(simple diffusion);Predict 1;血液透析;Osmosis（渗透）;Predict 2;Osmosis（渗透）;3. Isosmotic solutions have the same concentration of solute particles, hypersmotic solutions have a greater concentration, and hyposmotic solutions have a lesser concentration of solute particles than a reference solution. 4. Cells placed in an isotonic solution neither swell nor shrink. In a hypertonic solution they shrink(crenate), and in a hypotonic solution they swell and may burst(lyse).;等张溶液;Filtration（滤过）;;;Mediated Transport Mechanisms;2. Similar molecules can compete for carrier molecules, with each reducing the rate of transport of the other. 3. Once all the carrier molecules are in use, the rate of transport cannot increase further ( saturation).;易化扩散(facilitated diffusion);;Predict 3;Active Transport（主动转运）;主动转运;钠钾泵;钠泵活动的生理意义;主动转运的特点;继发性主动转运;;继发性主动转运;细胞膜的跨膜物质转运功能;Predict 4;Endocytosis and Exocytosis （入胞和出胞）;1. Endocytosis is the bulk movement of materials into cells. Phagocytosis is the bulk movement of solid materials into cells by the formation of a vesicle. Pinocytosis is similar to phagocytosis, except that the ingested materials is much smaller or is in solution. 2. Exocytosis is the secretion of materials from cells by vesicle formation. 3.