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西安电子科技大学少数民族骨干计划考研英语真题、笔记、参考书、大纲、录取分数线、报录比
西安电子科技大学少数民族骨干计划考研英语真题、笔记、
参考书、大纲、录取分数线、报录比
西安电子科技大学少数民族骨干计划考研英语真题
Text 3
In the idealized version of how science is done, facts about the world are waiting
to be observed and collected by objective researchers who use the scientific
method to carry out their work. But in the everyday practice of science,
discovery frequently follows an ambiguous and complicated route. We aim to be
objective, but we cannot escape the context of our unique life experience. Prior
knowledge and interest influence what we experience, what we think our
experiences mean, and the subsequent actions we take. Opportunities for
misinterpretation, error, and self-deception abound.
Consequently, discovery claims should be thought of as protoscience. Similar to
newly staked mining claims, they are full of potential. But it takes collective
scrutiny and acceptance to transform a discovery claim into a mature discovery.
This is the credibility process, through which the individual researcher’s me,
here, now becomes the community’s anyone, anywhere, anytime. Objective
knowledge is the goal, not the starting point.
Once a discovery claim becomes public, the discoverer receives intellectual
credit. But, unlike with mining claims, the community takes control of what
happens next. Within the complex social structure of the scientific community,
researchers make discoveries; editors and reviewers act as gatekeepers by
controlling the publication process; other scientists use the new finding to suit
their own purposes; and finally, the public (including other scientists) receives
the new discovery and possibly accompanying technology. As a discovery claim
works it through the community, the interaction and confrontation between
shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved
transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible
discovery.
Two paradoxes exist throughout this credibility process.
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