生命的沉思.ppt

Is biology an autonomous science?;What is scientific method?;Sir Francis Bacon (1561-1626);Galileo GalileiItaly, 1564-1642;Sir Karl Popper (1902-1994);The principle of Induction (歸納法);Jean-Pol GRANDMONT;Falsification ;Thomas S. Kuhn (1922-1991);Kuhn’s History of Science Descriptive Project:; Against Method (1975) ;What you have seen? A rabbit or a duck?;Feyerabend There is no rationally justifiable scientific method. Scientists do (ought to do?) whatever does not inhibit progress: Theory acceptance is ideological, not rational “…there is only one principle that can be defended under all circumstances and in all stages of development. It is the principle that anything goes” (AM 28) ;Does biology have the same scientific characters as physics??;古典物理學家怎麼“看”生物學？;“Postage stamp collection”;“…there are no ‘absolute phenomenon’ in biology. Everything is time-bound and space-bound…”;Is biology an autonomous science?;Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution.“T. Dobzhansky 1900 - 1975.;Is evolution of galaxies (history of universe) equivalent to biological evolution?;物理學：科學的模範生 ;對生物學來說;兩種類型的生物學;Prediction (預測) ;Solar eclipse of 29 May 1919;Teleology(目的論) ;Population (群體);Is cause the same thing in functional and evolutionary biology?;侯鳥在秋天為什麼要向南飛?;侯鳥在秋天“為什麼”要向南飛?;How?;Why?;圖片來源：加拿大魁北克政府官網;猫頭鷹不需要這套天冷南遷的“遺傳程式”! 候鳥吃昆蟲，天寒蟲少，必須演化出一套獨特的“遺傳程式”，讓他們在變天前往南飛才能存活下來 (生態的原因)。 演化的原因：解譯了歷史! ;生物學的歷史面向-和物理最大的不同;生物學：一亇帶着歷史經驗的科學;Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution.;Salvador Luria and Max Delbruck (1969 Noble laureate in medicine);Question: Was this resistance acquired through adaptation to exposure to the phage (mutated to survive) OR was it a spontaneous mutation which occurred randomly regardless of exposure (i.e. it was there before exposure to phage)?; resistant bacteria exists even they have NEVER been exposed to T1 when T1 added, T1-resistant bacteria selected for;1943 Salvador Luria and Max Delbruck used E. coli and T1 phage