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Associations between Dietary Intake of Choline and Betaine and Lung Cancer Risk.doc

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Associations between Dietary Intake of Choline and Betaine and Lung Cancer Risk

AssociationsbetweenDietaryIntakeofCholineand BetaineandLungCancerRisk JunYing1*,MohammadH.Rahbar2,D.MichaelHallman2,LadiaM.Hernandez3,MargretR.Spitz4, MicheleR.Forman3,OlgaY.Gorlova1 1DepartmentofEpidemiology,UniversityofTexasMDAndersonCancerCenter,Houston,Texas,UnitedStatesofAmerica,2DepartmentofEpidemiology,Universityof Texas School of Public Health, Houston, Texas, United States of America, 3Department of Nutritional Sciences, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, College of Natural Sciences,University ofTexas–Austin, Austin,Texas, United States ofAmerica, 4DuncanCancer Center,Baylor College ofMedicine,Houston, Texas, United States of America Abstract Evidencefromhumanandanimalresearchindicatesthatcholinemetabolicpathwaysmaybeactivatedduringavarietyof diseases, including cancer. We report results of a case-control study of 2821 lung cancer cases and 2923 controls that assessed associations of choline and betaine dietary intakes with lung cancer. Using multivariable logistic regression analyses, we report a significant association between higher betaine intake and lower lung cancer risk that varied by smokingstatus.Specifically,nosignificantassociationwasobservedbetweenbetaineintakeandlungcanceramongnever- smokers.However,higherbetaineintakewassignificantlyassociatedwithreducedlungcancerriskamongsmokers,andthe protectiveeffectwasmoreevidentamongcurrentthanformersmokers:forformerandcurrentsmokers,theORs(95%CI)of lungcancerforindividualswithhighestascomparedtolowestquartilesofintakewere0.70(0.55–0.88)and0.51(0.39–0.66) respectively.Significantlineartrendofhigherbetaineintakeandlowerlungcancerriskwasobservedamongbothformer (ptrend=0.002)andcurrent(ptrend,0.0001)smokers.Asimilarprotectiveeffectwasalsoobservedwithcholineintakeboth inoverallanalysisaswellasamongcurrentsmokers,withp-valuesforchi-squaretestsbeing0.001and0.004respectively, but the effect was less evident, as no linear trend was observed. Our results suggest that choline and betaine intake, especiallyhigherb