Behavioural Responses to Thermal Conditions Affect Seasonal Mass Change in a Heat-Sensitive Northern Ungulate.docVIP

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Behavioural Responses to Thermal Conditions Affect Seasonal Mass Change in a Heat-Sensitive Northern Ungulate.doc

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Behavioural Responses to Thermal Conditions Affect Seasonal Mass Change in a Heat-Sensitive Northern Ungulate

BehaviouralResponsestoThermalConditionsAffect SeasonalMassChangeinaHeat-SensitiveNorthern Ungulate FlorisM.vanBeest1,2*,JosM.Milner2 1DepartmentofAnimalandPoultryScience,CollegeofAgricultureandBioresources,UniversityofSaskatchewan,Saskatoon,Saskatchewan,Canada,2FacultyofApplied EcologyandAgriculturalSciences,HedmarkUniversityCollege,Evenstad,Norway Abstract Background: Empirical tests that link temperature-mediated changes in behaviour (activity and resource selection) to individualfitnessorconditionarecurrentlylackingforendothermsyetmaybecriticaltounderstandingtheeffectofclimate changeonpopulationdynamics.Moose(Alcesalces)arethoughttosufferfromheatstressinallseasonssoprovideagood biologicalmodeltotestwhetherexposuretonon-optimalambienttemperaturesinfluenceseasonalchangesinbodymass. Seasonal mass change is an important fitness correlate of large herbivores and affects reproductive success of female moose. Methodology/Principal Findings: UsingGPS-collared adultfemalemoosefrom twopopulations in southernNorway we quantified individual differences in seasonal activity budget and resource selection patterns as a function of seasonal temperatures thought to induce heat stress in moose. Individual body mass was recorded in early and late winter, and autumntocalculateseasonalmasschanges(n=52overwinter,n=47oversummer).Wefoundlargeindividualdifferences intemperature-dependentresourceselectionpatternsaswellaswithinandbetweenseasonvariabilityinthermoregulatory strategies.Asexpected,individualsusinganoptimalstrategy,selectingyoungsuccessionalforest(foraginghabitat)atlow ambienttemperaturesandmatureconiferousforest(thermalshelter)duringthermallystressfulconditions,lostlessmassin winterandgainedmoremassinsummer. Conclusions/Significance: This study provides evidence that behavioural responses to temperature have important consequences for seasonal mass change in moose living in the south of their distribution in Norway, and may be a contributing factor to recently observed decl