Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer Mechanisms, Targets, and Treatment英文文献资料.docVIP

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Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer Mechanisms, Targets, and Treatment英文文献资料.doc

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Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer Mechanisms, Targets, and Treatment英文文献资料

HindawiPublishingCorporation ProstateCancer Volume2012,ArticleID327253,11pages doi:10.1155/2012/327253 ReviewArticle Castration-ResistantProstateCancer: Mechanisms,Targets,andTreatment TeresaMariaSantosAmaral,DanielaMacedo,IsabelFernandes,andLuisCosta OncologyDivision,HospitaldeSantaMaria,InstitutodeMedicinaMolecular,1649-039Lisbon,,Portugal CorrespondenceshouldbeaddressedtoLuisCosta,luiscosta.oncology@ Received26September2011;Revised1December2011;Accepted20December2011 AcademicEditor:WilliamL.Dahut Copyright?2012TeresaMariaSantosAmaraletal. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons AttributionLicense,whichpermitsunrestricteduse,distribution,andreproductioninanymedium,providedtheoriginalworkis properlycited. Patientswithcastration-resistantprostatecancer(CRPC),whoprogressafterdocetaxeltherapy,haduntilveryrecently,onlyafew therapeuticoptions.Recentadvancesinthis?eldbroughtaboutnewperspectivesinthetreatmentofthisdisease.Molecular,basic, andtranslationalresearchhasgivenusabetterunderstandingonthemechanismsofCRPC.Thisgreatinvestmenthasturned intoamorerationalapproachtothedevelopmentofnewdrugs.Someofthenewtreatmentsarealreadyavailabletoourpatients outsideclinicaltrialsandmayincludeinhibitorsofandrogenbiosynthesis;newchemotherapyagents;bone-targetedtherapy;and immunotherapy.Thispaperaimstoreviewthemechanismsofprostatecancerresistance,possibletherapeutictargets,aswellas newoptionstotreatCRPC. 1.Introduction whichcarriesaworseprognosisandtranslatesintoasurvival time of 16–18 months in average from the beginning of progression [2, 4–6]. Systemic therapies have also been an option in the management to these patients. However, chemotherapyisnotwelltoleratedbyallCRPCpatients,who were often elderly men with limited bone marrow reserve andconcurrentmedicalconditions[8].In2004theresultof twomajorphase3clinicaltrialsestablisheddocetaxelasthe ?rst-line chemotherapy regimen in advanced stage disease [6]. Prostatecanceristhemostcommonmalignancyinmalesi