Bt Crop Effects on Functional Guilds of Non-Target Arthropods A Meta-Analysis 英文参考文献.docVIP

BtCropEffectsonFunctionalGuildsofNon-Target Arthropods:AMeta-Analysis L.LaReesaWolfenbarger1,StevenE.Naranjo2*,JonathanG.Lundgren3,RoyceJ.Bitzer4,LidiaS.Watrud5 1DepartmentofBiology,UniversityofNebraskaatOmaha,Omaha,Nebraska,UnitedStatesofAmerica,2USDA-ARSAridLandAgriculturalResearchCenter,Maricopa, Arizona, United States of America, 3USDA-ARS North Central Agricultural Research Laboratory, Brookings, South Dakota, United States of America, 4Department of Entomology, Iowa State University, Iowa, United States of America, 5U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory,WesternEcologyDivision,Corvallis,Oregon,UnitedStatesofAmerica Abstract Background: Uncertainty persists over the environmental effects of genetically-engineered crops that produce the insecticidal Cry proteins of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). We performed meta-analyses on a modified public database to synthesize current knowledge about the effects of Bt cotton, maize and potato on the abundance and interactions of arthropodnon-targetfunctionalguilds. Methodology/Principal Findings: We compared the abundance of predators, parasitoids, omnivores, detritivores and herbivores under scenarios in which neither, only the non-Bt crops, or both Bt and non-Bt crops received insecticide treatments. Predators were less abundant in Bt cotton compared to unsprayed non-Bt controls. As expected, fewer specialist parasitoids of the target pest occurred in Bt maize fields compared to unsprayed non-Bt controls, but no significant reduction was detected for other parasitoids. Numbers of predators and herbivores were higher in Bt crops comparedtosprayednon-Btcontrols,andtypeofinsecticideinfluencedthemagnitudeofthedifference.Omnivoresand detritivoresweremoreabundantininsecticide-treatedcontrolsandforthelatterguildthiswasassociatedwithreductions oftheirpredatorsinsprayednon-Btmaize.NodifferencesinabundancewerefoundwhenbothBtandnon-Btcropswere sprayed.Predator-to-preyratio