Canine Morphology Hunting for Genes and Tracking Mutations 英文参考文献.docVIP

Essay CanineMorphology:HuntingforGenesandTracking Mutations AbigailL.Shearin1,2,ElaineA.Ostrander1* 1National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America, 2University of Pennsylvania School of VeterinaryMedicine,Philadelphia,Pennsylvania,UnitedStatesofAmerica breed can, for the most part, be crossed to produce fertile offspring. Breeds were developed largely during the Victorian 861024,whichisessentiallythesamehigh levelofnucleotidediversityreportedinthe humanpopulation.Asexpected,however, the level of genetic diversity within any single breed is considerably less than the species as a whole [10]. Most breeds demonstrate a pattern indicative of two Summary As a result of domestication, selection fordesirablephenotypes,andbreedprop- agation,thedomesticdogisunmatchedin itsdiversityasalandmammal.Exhibiting extraordinary levels of both interbreed heterogeneity and intrabreed homogenei- ty, evidenced in part by the extensive linkage disequilibrium observed in many breeds,thedogprovidesanas-yetunreal- izedopportunitytouncoverthemolecular mechanismsthatgovernnaturalvariation across mammalian species. We herein discuss recent advances in canine geno- era, with special selection for both morphologic traits based on size, pro- portion, coat, etc., as well as behavior. To be a registered member of a breed, both of a dog’s parents have to be registered members of the same breed, population bottlenecks—domestication and breed formation [9,11]. In support of that, Gray et al. modeled the demo- graphic history of wild canid populations anddomesticdogbreedsandshowedthat domestication resulted in a 5% loss of nucleotidediversity,whilebreedformation causeda35%loss[11]. and their parents in turn must be registered members of the breed. Thus, each breed is effectively a closed breed- ingpopulation thatoffersmanystatistical advantages for doing genetics beyond what can be done in studies of human populations [7]