Dogs Social Referencing towards Owners and Strangers 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Dogs Social Referencing towards Owners and Strangers 英文参考文献.doc

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Dogs Social Referencing towards Owners and Strangers 英文参考文献

Dogs’SocialReferencingtowardsOwnersandStrangers IsabellaMerola*,EmanuelaPrato-Previde,SarahMarshall-Pescini SectionofPsychology,DepartmentofBiomedicalSciencesandTechnologies,UniversityofMilan,Milan,Italy Abstract Social referencing is aprocess wherebyanindividual usesthe emotional informationprovided by aninformant about a novel object/stimulus to guidehis/her own future behaviour towards it.In this study adultdogs weretested in asocial referencingparadigminvolvingapotentiallyscaryobjectwitheithertheirownerorastrangeractingastheinformantand deliveringeitherapositiveornegativeemotionalmessage.Theaimwastoevaluatetheinfluenceoftheinformant’sidentity onthedogs’referentiallookingbehaviourandbehaviouralregulationwhenthemessagewasdeliveredusingonlyvocal andfacialemotionalexpressions.Resultsshowthatmostdogslookedreferentiallyattheinformant,regardlessofhis/her identity.Furthermore,whentheowneractedastheinformantdogsthatreceivedapositiveemotionalmessagechanged theirbehaviour,lookingathim/hermoreoftenandspendingmoretimeapproachingtheobjectandclosetoit;conversely, dogsthatweregivenanegativemessagetooklongertoapproachtheobjectandtointeractwithit.Fewerdifferencesin thedog’sbehaviouremergedwhentheinformantwasthestranger,suggestingthatthedog-informantrelationshipmay influence the dog’s behavioural regulation. Results are discussed in relation to studies on human-dog communication, attachment,moodmodificationandjointattention. Citation: Merola I, Prato-Previde E, Marshall-Pescini S (2012) Dogs’ Social Referencing towards Owners and Strangers. PLoS ONE 7(10): e47653. doi:10.1371/ journal.pone.0047653 Editor:AllanV.Kalueff,TulaneUniversityMedicalSchool,UnitedStatesofAmerica ReceivedJuly30,2012;AcceptedSeptember14,2012;PublishedOctober11,2012 Copyright: ? 2012 Merola et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricteduse,distribution,andreproductioninanymedium,providedtheoriginalauthorandsourcearecr