Dynamics of Alliance Formation and the Egalitarian Revolution 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Dynamics of Alliance Formation and the Egalitarian Revolution 英文参考文献.doc

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Dynamics of Alliance Formation and the Egalitarian Revolution 英文参考文献

DynamicsofAllianceFormationandtheEgalitarian Revolution SergeyGavrilets1,2,4*,EdgarA.Duenez-Guzman3,MichaelD.Vose3 1DepartmentofEcologyandEvolutionaryBiology,UniversityofTennessee,Knoxville,Tennessee,UnitedStatesofAmerica,2DepartmentofMathematics,Universityof Tennessee,Knoxville,Tennessee,UnitedStatesofAmerica,3DepartmentofElectricalEngineeringandComputerScience,UniversityofTennessee,Knoxville,Tennessee, UnitedStatesofAmerica,4NationalInstituteforMathematicalandBiologicalSynthesis,UniversityofTennessee,Knoxville,Tennessee,UnitedStatesofAmerica Abstract Background: Arguablythemostinfluentialforceinhumanhistoryistheformationofsocialcoalitionsandalliances(i.e., long-lasting coalitions) and their impact on individual power. Understanding the dynamics of alliance formation and its consequencesforbiological,social,andculturalevolutionisaformidabletheoreticalchallenge.Inmostgreatapespecies, coalitions occur at individual and group levels and among both kin and non-kin. Nonetheless, ape societies remain essentially hierarchical, and coalitions rarely weaken social inequality. In contrast, human hunter-gatherers show a remarkabletendencytoegalitarianism,andhumancoalitionsandalliancesoccurnotonlyamongindividualsandgroups, butalsoamonggroupsofgroups.Theseobservationssuggestthattheevolutionarydynamicsofhumancoalitionscanonly beunderstoodinthecontextofsocialnetworksandcognitiveevolution. Methodology/Principal Findings: Here, we develop a stochastic model describing the emergence of networks of allies resultingfromwithin-groupcompetitionforstatusormatesbetweenindividualsutilizingdyadicinformation.Themodel shows that alliances often emerge in a phase transition-like fashion if the group size, awareness, aggressiveness, and persuasivenessofindividualsarelargeandthedecayrateofindividualaffinitiesissmall.Withculturalinheritanceofsocial networks,asinglelevelingallianceincludingallgroupmemberscanemergeinseveralgenerations. Conclusions/Significance: We propose a simple and flexible th