Eating or Meeting Cluster Analysis Reveals Intricacies of White Shark (Carcharodon carcharias) Migration and Offshore Behavior 英文参考文献.docVIP

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2017-05-11 发布于上海
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Eating or Meeting Cluster Analysis Reveals Intricacies of White Shark (Carcharodon carcharias) Migration and Offshore Behavior 英文参考文献.doc

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Eating or Meeting Cluster Analysis Reveals Intricacies of White Shark (Carcharodon carcharias) Migration and Offshore Behavior 英文参考文献

EatingorMeeting?ClusterAnalysisRevealsIntricaciesof WhiteShark(Carcharodoncarcharias)Migrationand OffshoreBehavior SalvadorJ.Jorgensen1,2*,NatalieS.Arnoldi2,EthanE.Estess2,TaylorK.Chapple2,MartinRu¨ckert3, ScotD.Anderson4,BarbaraA.Block2 1Monterey Bay Aquarium, Monterey, California, United States of America, 2Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, California, United States of America,3Universite′ ParisVI,Paris,France,4PointReyesNationalSeashore,Inverness,California,UnitedStatesofAmerica Abstract Elucidatinghowmobileoceanpredatorsutilizethepelagicenvironmentisvitaltounderstandingthedynamicsofoceanic species and ecosystems. Pop-up archival transmitting (PAT) tags have emerged as an important tool to describe animal migrationsinoceanicenvironmentswheredirectobservationisnotfeasible.AvailablePATtagdata,however,areforthe mostpartlimitedtogeographicposition,swimmingdepthandenvironmentaltemperature, makingeffective behavioral observationchallenging.However,novelanalysisapproacheshavethepotentialtoextendtheinterpretivepowerofthese limitedobservations.HerewedevelopedanapproachbasedonclusteringanalysisofPATdailytime-at-depthhistogram recordstodistinguishbehavioralmodesinwhitesharks(Carcharodoncarcharias).Wefoundfourdominantanddistinctive behavioral clusters matching previously described behavioral patterns, including two distinctive offshore diving modes. Oncevalidated,wemappedbehaviormodeoccurrenceinspaceandtime.Ourresultsdemonstratespatial,temporaland sex-based structure in thedivingbehavior ofwhite sharksin the northeasternPacific previously unrecognized including behavioral and migratory patterns resembling those of species with lek mating systems. We discuss our findings, in combination with available life history and environmental data, and propose specific testable hypotheses to distinguish between mating and foraging in northeastern Pacific white sharks that can provide a framework for future work. Our methodologycanbeappliedtosimilardataset