Effects of Endolithic Parasitism on Invasive and Indigenous Mussels in a Variable Physical Environment 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Effects of Endolithic Parasitism on Invasive and Indigenous Mussels in a Variable Physical Environment 英文参考文献.doc

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Effects of Endolithic Parasitism on Invasive and Indigenous Mussels in a Variable Physical Environment 英文参考文献

EffectsofEndolithicParasitismonInvasiveand IndigenousMusselsinaVariablePhysicalEnvironment GerardoIvanZardi1¤.,KatyRebeccaNicastro1¤.*,ChristopherDavidMcQuaid1,MarcosGektidis2 1DepartmentofZoologyEntomology,RhodesUniversity,Grahamstown,SouthAfrica,2InstituteofPaleontology,FriedrichAlexanderUniversity,Erlangen,Germany Abstract Bioticstressmayoperateinconcertwithphysicalenvironmental conditionstolimitorfacilitate invasionprocesseswhile alteringcompetitiveinteractions betweeninvadersandnativespecies.Here,weexaminehowendolithicparasitismofan invasiveandanindigenousmusselspeciesactsinsynergywithabioticconditionsofthehabitat.Ourresultsshowthatthe invasive Mytilus galloprovincialis ismoreinfested thanthenative Pernapernaandthisdifference isprobably duetothe greaterthicknessoftheprotectiveouter-layeroftheshelloftheindigenousspecies.Higherabrasionduetowavesonthe opencoastcouldaccountfordissimilaritiesindegreeofinfestationbetweenbaysandthemorewave-exposedopencoast. Alsomicro-scalevariationsoflightaffectedthelevelofendolithicparasitism,whichwasmoreintenseatnon-shadedsites. ThehigherlevelsofendolithicparasitisminMytilusmirroredgreatermortalityratesattributedtoparasitisminthisspecies. Condition index, attachment strength and shell strength of both species were negatively affected by the parasites suggestinganenergytrade-offbetweentheneedtorepairthedamagedshellandtheotherphysiologicalparameters.We suggestthat,becauseithasalowerattachmentstrengthandathinnershell,theinvasivenessofM.galloprovincialis willbe limited at sun and wave exposed locations where endolithic activity, shell scouring and risk of dislodgement are high. These results underline the crucial role of physical environment in regulating biotic stress, and how these physical- biological interactions may explain site-to-site variability of competitive balances between invasive and indigenous species. Citation: Zardi GI, Nicastro KR, McQuaid CD, Gektidis M (2009) Effects of Endolithic Parasitism on Inv