Effects of Wolves on Elk and Cattle Behaviors Implications for Livestock Production and Wolf Conservation 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Effects of Wolves on Elk and Cattle Behaviors Implications for Livestock Production and Wolf Conservation 英文参考文献.doc

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Effects of Wolves on Elk and Cattle Behaviors Implications for Livestock Production and Wolf Conservation 英文参考文献

EffectsofWolvesonElkandCattleBehaviors: ImplicationsforLivestockProductionandWolf Conservation IsabelleLaporte1,TylerB.Muhly1*,JustinA.Pitt2,MikeAlexander3,MarcoMusiani1 1FacultyofEnvironmentalDesign,UniversityofCalgary,Calgary,Alberta,Canada,2DepartmentofBiologicalSciences,UniversityofAlberta,Alberta,Canada,3Lands Division,AlbertaSustainableResourceDevelopment,PincherCreek,Alberta,Canada Abstract Background:Inmanyareas,livestockaregrazedwithinwolf(Canislupus)range.Predationandharassmentoflivestockby wolvescreatesconflictandisasignificantchallengeforwolfconservation.Wildprey,suchaselk(Cervuselaphus ),perform anti-predator behaviors. Artificial selection of cattle (Bos taurus) might have resulted in attenuation or absence of anti- predatorresponses,orinerraticandinconsistentresponses.Regardless,suchresponsesmighthaveimplicationsonstress andfitness. Methodology/Principal Findings: We compared elk and cattle anti-predator responses to wolves in southwest Alberta, Canada within home ranges and livestock pastures, respectively. We deployed satellite- and GPS-telemetry collars on wolves,elk,andcattle(n=16,10and78,respectively)andmeasuredsevenpreyresponsevariablesduringperiodsofwolf presence and absence (speed, path sinuosity, time spent head-up, distance to neighboring animals, terrain ruggedness, slopeanddistancetoforest).Duringindependentperiodsofwolfpresence(n=72),individualelkincreasedpathsinuosity (Z=22.720,P=0.007)andusedmoreruggedterrain(Z=22.856,P=0.004)andsteeperslopes(Z=23.065,P=0.002).For cattle, individual as well as group behavioral analyses were feasible and these indicated increased path sinuosity (Z=22.720, P=0.007) and decreased distance to neighbors (Z=22.551, P=0.011). In addition, cattle groups showed a numberofbehavioralchangesconcomitanttowolfvisits,withvariabledirectioninchanges. Conclusions/Significance:Ourresultssuggestbothelkandcattlemodifytheirbehaviorinrelationtowolfpresence,with potentialenergeticcosts. Ourstudydoes notallowevaluatingtheeff