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Efflux in Fungi La Pièce de Résistance 英文参考文献
Review
EffluxinFungi:LaPie`cedeRe′sistance
JeffreyJ.Coleman,EleftheriosMylonakis*
DivisionofInfectiousDiseases,MassachusettsGeneralHospitalandHarvardMedicalSchool,Boston,Massachusetts,UnitedStatesofAmerica
cassette (ABC) transporters and the major facilitator superfamily
Abstract: Pathogens must be able to overcome both
host defenses and antimicrobial treatment in order to
successfullyinfectandmaintaincolonizationofthehost.
One way fungi accomplish this feat and overcome
intercellular toxin accumulation is efflux pumps, in
particular ATP-binding cassette transporters and trans-
porters of the major facilitator superfamily. Members of
these two superfamilies remove many toxic compounds
by coupling transport with ATP hydrolysis or a proton
gradient,respectively.Fungalgenomesencodeaplethora
ofmembersofthesefamiliesoftransporterscomparedto
otherorganisms.Inthisreviewwediscusstherolethese
twofungalsuperfamiliesoftransportersplayinvirulence
and resistance to antifungal agents. These efflux trans-
portersareresponsiblenotonlyforexportofcompounds
involvedinpathogenesissuchassecondarymetabolites,
butalsoexportofhost-derivedantimicrobialcompounds.
Inaddition, weexaminethe currentknowledge ofthese
transporters in resistance of pathogens to clinically
relevantantifungalagents.
(MFS)transportersassociatedwithsecondarymetabolites,suchas
mycotoxins, and resistance to natural toxic compounds or
antifungal drugs, which have a proven or implicated role in
fungalpathogenesis(Table1).
OverviewofEffluxPumps
The two most extensively studied families of transporters
involved in efflux are the ABC transporters and the MFS
transporters. Fungi dedicate a large amount of their genome to
encodingtransporters,asthereareapproximatelytento30genes
encoding transporters per megabase of genomic DNA in
fungal genomes [17]. The most common type of transporter in
all sequenced fungal genomes to date is the MFS transporter.
However, members of the ABC transporter superfamily are the
most com
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