Eight Americas Investigating Mortality Disparities across Races, Counties, and Race-Counties in the United States 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Eight Americas Investigating Mortality Disparities across Races, Counties, and Race-Counties in the United States 英文参考文献.doc

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Eight Americas Investigating Mortality Disparities across Races, Counties, and Race-Counties in the United States 英文参考文献

o PL SMEDICINE EightAmericas:InvestigatingMortality DisparitiesacrossRaces,Counties, andRace-CountiesintheUnitedStates Christopher J.L.Murray1,2,3,Sandeep C.Kulkarni2,4,Catherine Michaud2,3,Niels Tomijima3,Maria T.Bulzacchelli3, Terrell J.Iandiorio3,Majid Ezzati1,2* 1HarvardSchool ofPublic Health,Boston, Massachusetts,United States ofAmerica, 2HarvardUniversityInitiativefor GlobalHealth, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United StatesofAmerica,3CenterforPopulationandDevelopmentStudies,HarvardUniversity,Cambridge,Massachusetts,UnitedStatesofAmerica,4UniversityofCaliforniaSan Francisco,SanFrancisco,California,UnitedStatesofAmerica Funding:Thisresearchwas supportedbyacooperative ABSTRACT agreement,awardedbytheCenters forDiseaseControlandPrevention andtheAssociationofSchoolsof PublicHealth(grantU36/ Background Thegapbetweenthehighestandlowestlifeexpectanciesforrace-countycombinationsin theUnitedStatesisover35y.Wedividedtherace-countycombinationsoftheUSpopulation into eight distinct groups, referred to as the ‘‘eight Americas,’’ to explore the causes of the disparitiesthatcaninformspecificpublichealthinterventionpoliciesandprograms. CCU300430–23)andbytheNational InstituteonAging(grantPO1- AG17625).Thefundershadnorole instudydesign,datacollectionand analysis,decisiontopublish,or preparationofthemanuscript.The contentsofthisarticlearesolelythe responsibilityoftheauthorsanddo notnecessarilyrepresenttheofficial viewsoftheCentersforDisease ControlandPreventionorthe AssociationofSchoolsofPublic Health. MethodsandFindings The eight Americas were defined based on race, location of the county of residence, populationdensity,race-specificcounty-levelpercapitaincome,andcumulativehomiciderate. Data sources for population and mortality figures were the Bureau of the Census and the NationalCenterfor HealthStatistics. Weestimatedlifeexpectancy,theriskofmortalityfrom specificdiseases,healthinsurance,andhealth-careutilizationfortheeightAmericas.Thelife expectancygapbetweenthe3.4million