Estimating the Potential for Adaptation of Corals to Climate Warming 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Estimating the Potential for Adaptation of Corals to Climate Warming 英文参考文献.doc

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Estimating the Potential for Adaptation of Corals to Climate Warming 英文参考文献

EstimatingthePotentialforAdaptationofCoralsto ClimateWarming NikolausB.M.Csa′sza′r1,4,PeterJ.Ralph1,RichardFrankham2,3,RayBerkelmans4,MadeleineJ.H.van Oppen4* 1Department of Environmental Sciences, Plant Functional Biology and Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, 2Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, 3Australian Museum, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, 4Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville,Queensland,Australia Abstract Thepersistenceoftropicalcoralreefsisthreatenedbyrapidlyincreasingclimatewarming,causingafunctionalbreakdown oftheobligatesymbiosisbetweencoralsandtheiralgalphotosymbionts(Symbiodinium)throughaprocessknownascoral bleaching.Yetthepotentialofthecoral-algalsymbiosistogeneticallyadaptinanevolutionarysensetowarmingoceansis unknown.Usingaquantitativegeneticsapproach,weestimatedtheproportionofthevarianceinthermaltolerancetraits thathasageneticbasis(i.e.heritability)asaproxyfortheiradaptivepotentialinthewidespreadIndo-Pacificreef-building coralAcroporamillepora.Wechosetwophysiologicallydifferentpopulationsthatassociaterespectivelywithonethermo- tolerant (Symbiodinium clade D) and one less tolerant symbiont type (Symbiodinium C2). In both symbiont types, pulse amplitudemodulated(PAM)fluorometryandhighperformanceliquidchromatography(HPLC)analysisrevealedsignificant heritabilitiesfortraitsrelatedtobothphotosynthesisandphotoprotectivepigmentprofile.However,quantitativereal-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) assays showed a lack of heritability in both coral host populations for their own expression of fundamental stress genes. Coral colony growth, contributed to by both symbiotic partners, displayed heritability.Highheritabilitiesforfunctionalkeytraitsofalgalsymbionts,alongwiththeirshortclonalgenerationtimeand highpopulationsizesallowfortheirrapidthermaladaptation.However,thelowoverallheritabilityofcoralhosttraits,along withthecorals’longgenerationtime,raiseconcernaboutt