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Evolution of a Core Gene Network for Skeletogenesis in Chordates 英文参考文献
EvolutionofaCoreGeneNetworkforSkeletogenesisin
Chordates
JochenHecht1,2,SigmarStricker2.,UlrikeWiecha2.,AsitaStiege2.,GeorgiaPanopoulou2,
LarsPodsiadlowski3,AlbertJ.Poustka2,ChristophDieterich4,SiegfriedEhrich5,JuliaSuvorova2,
StefanMundlos1,2,6,VolkhardSeitz2*
1BCRT,Universita¨tsmedizinCharite′,Berlin,Germany,2MaxPlanckInstituteforMolecularGenetics,Berlin,Germany,3DepartmentofAnimalSystematicsandEvolution,
Free University,Berlin, Germany, 4MPI for Developmental Biology Department 4- EvolutionaryBiology, Tu¨bingen, Germany, 5Bundesforschungsanstalt fu¨rFischerei,
Hamburg,Germany,6InstituteforMedicalGenetics,Charite′,Universita¨tsmedizin Berlin,Berlin,Germany
Abstract
Theskeletonisoneofthemostimportantfeaturesforthereconstructionofvertebratephylogenybutfewdataareavailable
tounderstanditsmolecularorigin.InmammalstheRuntgenesarecentralregulatorsofskeletogenesis.Runx2wasshownto
beessentialforosteoblastdifferentiation,toothdevelopment,andboneformation.BothRunx2andRunx3areessentialfor
chondrocytematuration.Furthermore,Runx2directlyregulatesIndianhedgehogexpression,amastercoordinatorofskeletal
development.ToclarifythecorrelationofRuntgeneevolutionandtheemergenceofcartilageandboneinvertebrates,we
cloned the Runt genes from hagfish as representative of jawless fish (MgRunxA, MgRunxB) and from dogfish as
representativeofjawedcartilaginousfish(ScRunx1–3).Accordingtoourphylogeneticreconstructionthestemspeciesof
chordatesharbouredasingleRuntgeneandthereafterRuntlocusduplicationsoccurredduringearlyvertebrateevolution.
AllnewlyisolatedRuntgeneswereexpressedincartilageaccordingtoquantitativePCR.Insituhybridisationconfirmedhigh
MgRunxAexpressioninhardcartilageofhagfish.IndogfishScRunx2andScRunx3wereexpressedinembryonalcartilage
whereasallthreeRuntgenesweredetectedinteethandplacoidscales.Incephalochordates(lancelets)Runt,Hedgehogand
SoxEwerestronglyexpressedinthegillbarsandexpressionofRuntandHedgehogwasfoundinendo-aswellasectodermal
cells. Furthermore we demonstrate that the la
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