Experimental Evidence for the Effect of Small Wind Turbine Proximity and Operation on Bird and Bat Activity 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Experimental Evidence for the Effect of Small Wind Turbine Proximity and Operation on Bird and Bat Activity 英文参考文献.doc

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Experimental Evidence for the Effect of Small Wind Turbine Proximity and Operation on Bird and Bat Activity 英文参考文献

ExperimentalEvidencefortheEffectofSmallWind TurbineProximityandOperationonBirdandBatActivity JeroenMinderman1*¤,ChrisJ.Pendlebury1,JamesW.Pearce-Higgins2,KirstyJ.Park1 1BiologicalandEnvironmentalSciences,UniversityofStirling,Stirling,UnitedKingdom,2BritishTrustforOrnithology,TheNunnery,Thetford,UnitedKingdom Abstract The development of renewable energy technologies such as wind turbines forms a vital part of strategies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions worldwide. Although large wind farms generate the majority of wind energy, the small wind turbine(SWT,unitsgenerating ,50kW)sectorisgrowingrapidly.Inspiteofevidenceofeffectsoflargewindfarmson birdsandbats,effectsofSWTsonwildlifehavenotbeenstudiedandarelikelytobedifferentduetotheirpotentialsitingin a wider range of habitats. We present the first study to quantify the effects of SWTs on birds and bats. Using a field experiment,weshowthatbirdactivityissimilarintwodistancebandssurroundingasampleofSWTs(between6–18mhub height)andisnotaffectedbySWToperationatthefinescalestudied.Atshorterdistancesfromoperatingturbines(0–5m), batactivity(measuredastheprobabilityofabat‘‘pass’’perhour)decreasesfrom84%(71–91%)to28%(11–54%)aswind speed increases from 0 to 14m/s. This effect is weaker at greater distances (20–25m) from operating turbines (activity decreasesfrom80%(65–89%)to59%(32–81%)),andabsentwhentheyarebraked.Weconcludethatbatsavoidoperating SWTsbutthatthiseffectdiminisheswithin20m.Suchdisplacementeffectsmayhaveimportantconsequencesespeciallyin landscapes where suitable habitat is limiting. Planning guidance for SWTs is currently lacking. Based on our results we recommendthattheyaresitedatleast20mawayfrompotentiallyvaluablebathabitat. Citation:MindermanJ,PendleburyCJ,Pearce-HigginsJW,ParkKJ(2012)ExperimentalEvidencefortheEffectofSmallWindTurbineProximityandOperationon BirdandBatActivity.PLoSONE7(7):e41177.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0041177 Editor:BrockFenton,UniversityofWesternOntario,Canada ReceivedMay8,2012;AcceptedJune18,20