Facilitated Variation How Evolution Learns from Past Environments To Generalize to New Environments 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Facilitated Variation How Evolution Learns from Past Environments To Generalize to New Environments 英文参考文献.doc

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Facilitated Variation How Evolution Learns from Past Environments To Generalize to New Environments 英文参考文献

FacilitatedVariation:HowEvolutionLearnsfromPast EnvironmentsToGeneralizetoNewEnvironments MeravParter.,NadavKashtan.,UriAlon* DepartmentofMolecularCellBiology,WeizmannInstituteofScience,Rehovot,Israel Abstract Oneofthestrikingfeaturesofevolutionistheappearanceofnovelstructuresinorganisms.Recently,KirschnerandGerhart haveintegrateddiscoveriesinevolution,genetics,anddevelopmentalbiologytoformatheoryoffacilitatedvariation(FV). The key observation is that organisms are designed such that random genetic changes are channeled in phenotypic directions that are potentially useful. An open question is how FV spontaneously emerges during evolution. Here, we address this by means of computer simulations of two well-studied model systems, logic circuits and RNA secondary structure.WefindthatevolutionofFVisenhancedinenvironmentsthatchangefromtimetotimeinasystematicway:the varying environments aremade of the same set ofsubgoals but in different combinations. We find that organisms that evolve under such varying goals not onlyremember their history but also generalize tofuture environments, exhibiting highadaptabilitytonovelgoals.Rapidadaptationisseentogoalscomposedofthesamesubgoalsinnovelcombinations, andtogoalswhereoneofthesubgoalswasneverseeninthehistoryoftheorganism.Themechanismsforsuchenhanced generationofnovelty(generalization)areanalyzed,asisthewaythatorganismsstoreinformationintheirgenomesabout theirpastenvironments.Elementsoffacilitatedvariationtheory,suchasweakregulatorylinkage,modularity,andreduced pleiotropy of mutations, evolve spontaneously under these conditions. Thus, environments that change in a systematic, modularfashionseemtopromotefacilitatedvariationandallowevolutiontogeneralizetonovelconditions. Citation: Parter M, Kashtan N, Alon U (2008) Facilitated Variation: How Evolution Learns from Past Environments To Generalize to New Environments. PLoS ComputBiol4(11):e1000206.doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000206 Editor:GaryStormo,WashingtonUniversity,UnitedStatesofAm