Four Arguments against the Adult-Rating of Movies with Smoking Scenes 英文参考文献.docVIP

Essay FourArgumentsagainsttheAdult-RatingofMovieswith SmokingScenes SimonChapman1*,MatthewC.Farrelly2 1UniversityofSydney,Sydney,Australia,2RTIInternational,NorthCarolina,UnitedStatesofAmerica AfewyearsagotheIndiangovernment tried unsuccessfully to ban all smoking scenes in movies [1]. Thailand pixelates cigarettesontelevision[2].IntheUS,over 20 public health agencies and the World HealthOrganization[3]arecampaigning torequirethatmostsmokingscenesshould trigger restricted (adult) film classification [4]. They believe that such ratings would significantlyreducetheexposureofyouth to smoking scenes in movies, which they arguedirectlycausetheuptakeofsmoking [5]. there is a dose-response relationship be- tweenmoviesmokingexposureandlikeli- hoodofsmokinguptake[8].Whilethebest of these studies control for several of potentially many subtle confounding fac- torsassociatedwiththedependentvariable (youth who do and don’t smoke) such as social, parental, and youth psychological factors like self-assessed ‘‘rebelliousness’’ and risk-taking, clearly this can be only halfthestory.Somemightalsoarguethat with rebelliousness being measured by items like ‘‘I like to do scary things’’ and ‘‘Iliketolistentoloudmusic’’[9],thatthe scalesusedtomeasuresuchconstructsmay be rather dated and of dubious validity. But, critically, potential important covari- ates of the independent variable (smoking in movies) are never considered. Smokers in movies never just smoke. And movies showingsmokinghavealotmoreinthem that might appeal to youth at risk of smoking than just smoking. Why is this ‘‘muddying’’oftheindependentvariablea criticalconsideration?Letusexplain. watch certain kinds of movies. These movies may well contain more scenes of smoking than the genres of movies they avoid (say, parental-approved ‘‘family friendly,’’ wholesome fare like the Narnia ChroniclesorShrek). Teenagersatriskofsmokingarealsoat higher risk for other risky behaviors [10] and comorbidities [11]. They thus are li