Gene Sharing Yields an Enzyme with Two Binding Sites in One Subunit 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Gene Sharing Yields an Enzyme with Two Binding Sites in One Subunit 英文参考文献.doc

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Gene Sharing Yields an Enzyme with Two Binding Sites in One Subunit 英文参考文献

Gene Sharing Yields an Enzyme withTwo Binding Sites in One Subunit Caitlin Sedwick | doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000064 Complexity abounds in the natural world, within us and around us. Consider the human body. We exist thanks to the efforts of an estimated 50 trillion cells—nearly 100 times the number of stars in the Milky Way. Each cell performs a specialized function, conferred by the differential expression of the more than 25,000 protein-encoding genes in the human genome. Proteins are complicated, too; they can act as enzymes (that accelerate specific chemical reactions), adhesins (that bind to other proteins and other large molecules such as The abundant hydrogen bonding makes cellulose very difficult to attack enzymatically and gives plants their rigid structure. By contrast, hemicelluloses are less sturdy and are thus vulnerable to degradation—a job facilitated by CE2 enzymes. Most CE2 family enzymes are single- subunit proteins, but one CE2 family member expressed by C. thermocellum, called Ct Cel5-CE2, is a multi-subunit protein. CtCel5-CE2 has a CE2 subunit (called the CtCE2 domain) that shares a similar three-dimensional structure and amino acid sequence with other CE2 family proteins. complex carbohydrates and fats), structural elements (such as the cell cytoskeleton), and signal transducers. Multifunctional proteins perform some combination of these roles. But given the stringent physical and chemical demands associated with performing a given function, multifunctional proteins are typically composed of spatially distinct subunits (referred to as domains), each of which serves a separate biochemical function. For example, proteins with one subunit that has enzymatic function commonly link that enzyme subunit to one or more subunits that function as adhesins. It’s highly uncommon, however, to find a single subunit of a protein that serves more than one purpose, for example, a subunit that acts as both an enzyme and as an adhesin. Yet such