High Levels of Miticides and Agrochemicals in North American Apiaries Implications for Honey Bee Health 英文参考文献.docVIP

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High Levels of Miticides and Agrochemicals in North American Apiaries Implications for Honey Bee Health 英文参考文献.doc

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High Levels of Miticides and Agrochemicals in North American Apiaries Implications for Honey Bee Health 英文参考文献

HighLevelsofMiticidesandAgrochemicalsinNorth AmericanApiaries:ImplicationsforHoneyBeeHealth ChristopherA.Mullin1*,MaryannFrazier1,JamesL.Frazier1,SaraAshcraft1,RogerSimonds2 ,Dennis vanEngelsdorp3,JefferyS.Pettis4 1Department ofEntomology,ThePennsylvaniaStateUniversity,UniversityPark,Pennsylvania, UnitedStatesofAmerica, 2NationalScienceLaboratory,UnitedStates Department ofAgriculture -Agricultural MarketingService, Gastonia,North Carolina, United StatesofAmerica, 3Pennsylvania Department ofAgriculture,Harrisburg, Pennsylvania,UnitedStatesofAmerica,4BeeResearchLaboratory,UnitedStatesDepartmentofAgriculture-AgriculturalResearchService,Beltsville,Maryland,United StatesofAmerica Abstract Background:Recentdeclinesinhoneybeesforcroppollinationthreatenfruit,nut,vegetableandseedproductioninthe UnitedStates.Abroadsurveyofpesticideresidueswasconductedonsamplesfrommigratoryandotherbeekeepersacross 23states,oneCanadianprovinceandseveralagriculturalcroppingsystemsduringthe2007–08growingseasons. Methodology/Principal Findings: We have used LC/MS-MS and GC/MS to analyze bees and hive matrices for pesticide residuesutilizingamodifiedQuEChERSmethod.Wehavefound121differentpesticidesandmetaboliteswithin887wax, pollen, bee and associated hive samples. Almost 60% of the 259 wax and 350 pollen samples contained at least one systemicpesticide,andover47%hadbothin-hiveacaricidesfluvalinateandcoumaphos,andchlorothalonil,awidely-used fungicide.Inbeepollenwerefoundchlorothalonilatlevelsupto99ppmandtheinsecticidesaldicarb,carbaryl,chlorpyrifos andimidacloprid,fungicidesboscalid,captanandmyclobutanil,andherbicidependimethalinat1ppmlevels.Almostall combandfoundationwaxsamples(98%)werecontaminatedwithupto204and94ppm,respectively,offluvalinateand coumaphos,andloweramountsofamitrazdegradatesandchlorothalonil,withanaverageof6pesticidedetectionsper sampleandahighof39.Therewerefewerpesticidesfoundinadultsandbroodexceptforthoselinkedwithbeekillsby permethrin(20ppm)andfipronil(3.1ppm). Conclusions