Mutation and Evolutionary Rates in Adélie Penguins from the Antarctic 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Mutation and Evolutionary Rates in Adélie Penguins from the Antarctic 英文参考文献.doc

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Mutation and Evolutionary Rates in Adélie Penguins from the Antarctic 英文参考文献

MutationandEvolutionaryRatesinAde′liePenguins fromtheAntarctic CraigD.Millar1,AndrewDodd2,JenniferAnderson2,GillianC.Gibb2,PeterA.Ritchie2¤a,CarloBaroni3,4 , MichaelD.Woodhams5,MichaelD.Hendy5,DavidM.Lambert2¤b* 1Allan Wilson Centre for Molecular Ecology and Evolution, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand, 2Allan Wilson Centre for MolecularEcologyandEvolution,InstituteofMolecularBioSciences,MasseyUniversity,Auckland,NewZealand,3DipartmentoScienzedellaTerra,Universita`diPisa,Pisa, Italy,4ConsiglioNazionaleRicerche,CentroStudioGeologiaStrutturale,Pisa,Italy,5AllanWilsonCentreforMolecularEcologyandEvolution,InstituteofFundamental Sciences,MasseyUniversityPalmerstonNorth,PalmerstonNorth,NewZealand Abstract Precise estimations of molecular rates are fundamental to our understanding of the processes of evolution. In principle, mutationandevolutionaryratesforneutralregionsofthesamespeciesareexpectedtobeequal.However,anumberof recentstudieshaveshownthatmutationratesestimatedfrompedigreematerialaremuchfasterthanevolutionaryrates measured over longer time periods. To resolve this apparent contradiction, we have examined the hypervariable region (HVRI)ofthemitochondrialgenomeusingfamiliesofAde′liepenguins(Pygoscelisadeliae)fromtheAntarctic.Wesequenced 344bpsoftheHVRIfrompenguinscomprising508familieswith915chicks,togetherwithboththeirparents.Allofthe62 germline heteroplasmies that we detected in mothers were also detected in their offspring, consistent with maternal inheritance.Thesedatagiveanestimatedmutationrate(m)of0.55mutations/site/Myrs(HPD95%confidenceintervalof 0.29–0.88mutations/site/Myrs)afteraccountingforthepersistenceoftheseheteroplasmiesandthesensitivityofcurrent detectionmethods.Incomparison,therateofevolution(k)ofthesameHVRIregion,determinedusingDNAsequences from162knownagesub-fossilbonesspanninga37,000-yearperiod,was0.86substitutions/site/Myrs(HPD95%confidence intervalof0.53and1.17).Importantly,thelatterrateisnotstatistical