Observing and Studying Extreme Low Pressure Events with Altimetry 英文参考文献.docVIP

Sensors 2009, 9, 1306-1329; doi:10.3390/OPEN ACCESS sensors ISSN 1424-8220 /journal/sensors Article Observing and Studying Extreme Low Pressure Events with Altimetry Loren Carrère 1,*, Fran?oise Mertz 1, Joel Dorandeu 1, Yves Quilfen 2 and Jerome Patoux 3 1 CLS, 8-10 rue Hermès, 31520 Ramonville St Agne, France; E-mails : fmertz@cls.fr (F.M.); jdorandeu@cls.fr (J.D.) 2 IFREMER, Z.I. Pointe du Diable B.P. 70, 29280 Plouzané, France ; E-mail: yves.quilfen@ifremer.fr (Y.Q.) 3 University of Washington, Box 351640 Seattle WA 98195-1640, USA; E-mail: jerome@ (J.P.) * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: lcarrere@cls.fr; Tel.: (+33) 5 61 39 37 96; Fax: (+33) 5 61 39 37 82 Received: 29 December 2008; in revised version: 9 February 2009 / Accepted: 24 February 2009 / Published: 26 February 2009 Abstract: The ability of altimetry to detect extreme low pressure events and the relationship between sea level pressure and sea level anomalies during extra-tropical depressions have been investigated. Specific altimeter treatments have been developed for tropical cyclones and applied to obtain a relevant along-track sea surface height (SSH) signal: the case of tropical cyclone Isabel is presented here. The S- and C-band measurements are used because they are less impacted by rain than the Ku-band, and new sea state bias (SSB) and wet troposphere corrections are proposed. More accurate strong altimeter wind speeds are computed thanks to the Young algorithm. Ocean signals not related to atmospheric pressure can be removed with accuracy, even within a Near Real Time context, by removing the maps of sea level anomaly (SLA) provided by SSALTO/Duacs. In the case of Extra-Tropical Depressions, the classical altimeter processing can be used. Ocean signal not related to atmospheric pressure is along-track filtered. The sea lev