Openness in participation, assessment, and policy making upon issues of environment and environmental health a review of literature and recent project results 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Openness in participation, assessment, and policy making upon issues of environment and environmental health a review of literature and recent project results 英文参考文献.doc

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Openness in participation, assessment, and policy making upon issues of environment and environmental health a review of literature and recent project results 英文参考文献

PohjolaandTuomistoEnvironmentalHealth2011,10:58 /content/10/1/58 REVIEW OpenAccess Opennessinparticipation,assessment,andpolicy makinguponissuesofenvironmentand environmentalhealth:areviewofliteratureand recentprojectresults MikkoVPohjola*andJouniTTuomisto Abstract Issues of environment and environmental health involve multiple interests regarding e.g. political, societal, economical, and public concerns represented by different kinds of organizations and individuals. Not surprisingly, stakeholder and public participation has become amajor issue in environmental and environmental health policy and assessment. The need for participation has been discussed and reasoned by many, including environmental legislators around the world. In principle, participation is generally considered as desirable and the focus of most scholars and practitioners is on carrying out participation, and making participation more effective. In practice also doubts regarding the effectiveness and importance of participation exist among policy makers, assessors, and public, leading even to undermining participatory practices in policy making and assessment. Therearemanypossiblepurposesforparticipation,anddifferentpossiblemodelsofinteractionbetween assessmentandpolicy.Asolidconceptualunderstandingoftheinterrelationsbetweenparticipation,assessment, andpolicymakingisnecessaryinordertodesignandimplementeffectiveparticipatorypractices.Inthispaperwe ask,docurrentcommonconceptionsofassessment,policymakingandparticipationprovideasufficient frameworkforachievingeffectiveparticipation?Thisquestionisaddressesbyreviewingtherangeofapproachesto participationinassessmentandpolicymakinguponissuesofenvironmentandenvironmentalhealthandsome relatedinsightsfromrecentresearchprojects,INTARESEandBENERIS. Openness, considered e.g. in terms of a) scope of participation, b) access to information, c) scope of contribution, d) timing of openness, and e) impact of contribution, provides a new perspective to the relation