Out of the Pacific and Back Again Insights into the Matrilineal History of Pacific Killer Whale Ecotypes 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Out of the Pacific and Back Again Insights into the Matrilineal History of Pacific Killer Whale Ecotypes 英文参考文献.doc

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Out of the Pacific and Back Again Insights into the Matrilineal History of Pacific Killer Whale Ecotypes 英文参考文献

OutofthePacificandBackAgain:Insightsintothe MatrilinealHistoryofPacificKillerWhaleEcotypes AndrewD.Foote1*,PhillipA.Morin2,JohnW.Durban2,3,EskeWillerslev1,LudovicOrlando1, M.ThomasP.Gilbert1 1CentreforGeoGenetics,NaturalHistoryMuseumofDenmark,UniversityofCopenhagen,Copenhagen,Denmark,2ProtectedResourcesDivision,SouthwestFisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, La Jolla, California, United States of America, 3Alaska Fisheries ScienceCenter,NationalMarineFisheriesService,NationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdministration,Seattle,Washington,UnitedStatesofAmerica Abstract Killer whales (Orcinus orca) are the most widely distributed marine mammals and have radiated to occupy a range of ecologicalniches.DisparatesympatrictypesarefoundintheNorthAtlantic,AntarcticandNorthPacificoceans,however, little is known about the underlying mechanisms driving divergence. Previous phylogeographic analysis using complete mitogenomesyieldedabifurcatingtreeofcladescorrespondingtodescribedecotypes.However,therewaslowsupportat two nodes at which two Pacific and two Atlantic clades diverged. Here we apply further phylogenetic and coalescent analysestopartitionedmitochondrialgenomesequencestobetterresolvethepatternofpastradiationsinthisspecies.Our phylogeneticreconstructionsindicatethatintheNorthPacific,sympatrybetweenthematernallineagesthatmakeupeach ecotypearisesfromsecondarycontact.Boththephylogeneticreconstructionsandaclinaldecreaseindiversitysuggesta NorthPacifictoNorthAtlanticfoundingevent,andthelaterreturnofkillerwhalestotheNorthPacific.Therefore,ecological divergencecouldhaveoccurredduringtheallopatricphasethroughdriftorselectionand/ormayhaveeithercommenced or have been consolidated upon secondary contact due to resource competition. The estimated timing of bidirectional migrationbetweentheNorthPacificandNorthAtlanticcoincidedwiththepreviousinter-glacialwhentheleakageoffauna fromtheIndo-PacificintotheAtlanticviatheAgulhascu