Parallel Evolution of Auditory Genes for Echolocation in Bats and Toothed Whales 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Parallel Evolution of Auditory Genes for Echolocation in Bats and Toothed Whales 英文参考文献.doc

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Parallel Evolution of Auditory Genes for Echolocation in Bats and Toothed Whales 英文参考文献

ParallelEvolutionofAuditoryGenesforEcholocationin BatsandToothedWhales Yong-YiShen1.,LuLiang1,2.,Gui-ShengLi1,RobertW.Murphy1,3,Ya-PingZhang1,4 * 1StateKeyLaboratoryofGeneticResourcesandEvolution,andYunnanLaboratoryofMolecularBiologyofDomesticAnimals,KunmingInstituteofZoology,Chinese AcademyofSciences,Kunming,China,2GraduateSchooloftheChineseAcademyofSciences,Beijing,China,3CentreforBiodiversityandConservationBiology,Royal OntarioMuseum,Toronto,Ontario,Canada,4LaboratoryforConservationandUtilizationofBioresources,YunnanUniversity,Kunming,China Abstract Theabilityofbatsandtoothedwhalestoecholocateisaremarkablecaseofconvergentevolution.Previousgeneticstudies have documented parallel evolution of nucleotide sequences in Prestin and KCNQ4, both of which are associated with voltage motility during the cochlear amplification of signals. Echolocation involves complex mechanisms. The most importantfactorsincludecochlearamplification,nervetransmission,andsignalre-coding.Herein,wescreenthreegenes thatplaydifferentrolesinthisauditorysystem.Cadherin23(Cdh23)anditsligand,protocadherin15(Pcdh15),areessential forbundlingmotilityinthesensoryhair.Otoferlin(Otof)respondstonervesignaltransmissionintheauditoryinnerhaircell. Signals of parallel evolution occur in all three genes in the three groups of echolocators—two groups of bats (YangochiropteraandRhinolophoidea)plusthedolphin.SignificantsignalsofpositiveselectionalsooccurinCdh23inthe Rhinolophoideaanddolphin,andPcdh15inYangochiroptera.Inaddition,adultecholocatingbatshavehigherlevelsofOtof expressionintheauditorycortexthandotheirembryosandnon-echolocationbats.Cdh23andPcdh15encodetheupper andlowerpartsoftip-links,andbothgenesshowsignalsofconvergentevolutionandpositiveselectioninecholocators, implyingthattheymayco-evolvetooptimizecochlearamplification.ConvergentevolutionandexpressionpatternsofOtof suggestthepotentialroleofnerveandbraininecholocation.Oursynthesisofgenesequenceandgeneexpressionanalyses reveals that positive selection, p