Paternity of Subordinates Raises Cooperative Effort in Cichlids 英文参考文献.docVIP

Paternity of Subordinates Raises Cooperative Effort in Cichlids 英文参考文献.doc

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Paternity of Subordinates Raises Cooperative Effort in Cichlids 英文参考文献

PaternityofSubordinatesRaisesCooperativeEffortin Cichlids RickBruintjes1,2*,DanielleBonfils1,DikHeg1,3,MichaelTaborsky1 1DepartmentofBehaviouralEcology,InstituteofEcologyandEvolution,UniversityofBern,Hinterkappelen,Switzerland,2SchoolofBiologicalSciences,Universityof Bristol,Bristol,UnitedKingdom,3InstituteofSocialandPreventiveMedicine(ISPM),UniversityofBern,Bern,Switzerland Abstract Background:Incooperativebreeders,subordinatesgenerallyhelpadominantbreedingpairtoraiseoffspring.Parentage studieshaveshownthatinseveralspeciessubordinatescanparticipateinreproduction.Thissuggestsanimportantroleof directfitnessbenefitsforcooperation,particularlywheregroupscontainunrelatedsubordinates.Inthissituationparentage shouldinfluencelevelsofcooperation.Herewecombineparentageanalysesanddetailedbehaviouralobservationsinthe fieldtostudywhetherinthehighlysocialcichlidNeolamprologuspulchersubordinatesparticipateinreproductionandifso, whetherandhowthisaffectstheircooperativecare,controllingfortheeffectofkinship. Methodology/PrincipalFindings:Weshowthat:(i)malesubordinatesgainedpaternityin27.8%ofallclutchesand(ii)if they participated in reproduction, they sired on average 11.8% of young. Subordinate males sharing in reproduction showed more defence against experimentally presented egg predators compared to subordinates not participating in reproduction,andtheytendedtostayclosertothebreedingshelter.Noeffectsofrelatednessbetweensubordinatesand dominants(tomid-parent,dominantfemaleordominantmale)weredetectedonparentageandonhelpingbehaviour. Conclusions/Significance:Thisisthefirstevidenceinacooperativelybreedingfishspeciesthatthehelpingeffortofmale subordinatesmaydependonobtainedpaternity,whichstressestheneedtoconsiderdirectfitnessbenefitsinevolutionary studiesofhelpingbehaviour. Citation:BruintjesR,BonfilsD,HegD,TaborskyM(2011)PaternityofSubordinatesRaisesCooperativeEffortinCichlids.PLoSONE6(10):e25673.doi:10.1371/ journal.pone.0025673 Editor:NicolasChaline,Universite′ Paris13,France Rec

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