Paternal Care Decreases Foraging Activity and Body Condition, but Does Not Impose Survival Costs to Caring Males in a Neotropical Arachnid 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Paternal Care Decreases Foraging Activity and Body Condition, but Does Not Impose Survival Costs to Caring Males in a Neotropical Arachnid 英文参考文献.doc

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Paternal Care Decreases Foraging Activity and Body Condition, but Does Not Impose Survival Costs to Caring Males in a Neotropical Arachnid 英文参考文献

PaternalCareDecreasesForagingActivityandBody Condition,butDoesNotImposeSurvivalCoststoCaring MalesinaNeotropicalArachnid GustavoS.Requena1*,BrunoA.Buzatto2,EduardoG.Martins3,4,GlaucoMachado1 1Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biocie?ncias, Universidade de Sa?o Paulo, Sa?o Paulo, SP, Brazil, 2Centre for Evolutionary Biology, School of Animal Biology, University of Western Australia - Crawley, WA, Australia, 3Institute of Environmental Science and Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada, 4CentreforAppliedConservationResearch,DepartmentofForestSciences,UniversityofBritishColumbia,Vancouver,BC,Canada Abstract Exclusivepaternalcareistherarestformofparentalinvestmentinnatureandtheorypredictsthatthemaintenanceofthis behaviordependsonthebalancebetweencostsandbenefitstomales.Ourgoalwastoassesscostsofpaternalcareinthe harvestman Iporangaia pustulosa, for which the benefits of this behavior in terms of egg survival have already been demonstrated. We evaluated energetic costs and mortality risks associated to paternal egg-guarding in the field. We quantifiedforagingactivityofmalesandestimatedhowtheirbodyconditionisinfluencedbythedurationofthecaring period.Additionally,weconductedaone-yearcapture-mark-recapturestudyandestimatedapparentsurvivalprobabilities of caring and non-caring males to assess potential survival costs of paternal care. Our results indicate that caring males foragelessfrequentlythannon-caringindividuals(malesandfemales)andthattheirbodyconditiondeterioratesoverthe courseofthecaringperiod.Thus,maleswillingtoguardeggsmayprovidetofemalesafitness-enhancinggiftofcost-free careoftheiroffspring.Caringmales,however,didnotshowlowersurvivalprobabilitieswhencomparedtobothnon-caring malesandfemales.Reductioninmortalityrisksasaresultofremainingstationary,combinedwiththebenefitsofimproving egg survival, may have played an important and previously unsuspected role favoring the evolution of paternal care. Moreover,malesexhibitingpaternalcarecoulda