Patterns of DNA Methylation in Development, Division of Labor and Hybridization in an Ant with Genetic Caste Determination 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Patterns of DNA Methylation in Development, Division of Labor and Hybridization in an Ant with Genetic Caste Determination 英文参考文献.doc

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Patterns of DNA Methylation in Development, Division of Labor and Hybridization in an Ant with Genetic Caste Determination 英文参考文献

PatternsofDNAMethylationinDevelopment,Divisionof LaborandHybridizationinanAntwithGeneticCaste Determination ChrisR.Smith1,2*,NavdeepS.Mutti1¤,W.CameronJasper3,AgniNaidu3,ChristopherD.Smith3, Ju¨rgenGadau1 1DepartmentofBiology,EarlhamCollege,Richmond,Indiana,UnitedStatesofAmerica,2CenterforSocialDynamicsandComplexity,SchoolofLifeSciences,Arizona StateUniversity,Tempe,Arizona,UnitedStatesofAmerica,3DepartmentofBiology,SanFranciscoStateUniversity,SanFrancisco,California,UnitedStatesofAmerica Abstract Background:DNAmethylationisacommonregulatorofgeneexpression,includingactingasaregulatorofdevelopmental events and behavioral changes in adults. Using the unique system of genetic caste determination in Pogonomyrmex barbatus,wewereabletodocumentchangesinDNAmethylationduringdevelopment,andalsoacrossbothancientand contemporaryhybridizationevents. Methodology/Principal Findings: Sodium bisulfite sequencing demonstrated invivo methylation of symmetric CG dinucleotidesinP.barbatus.Wealsofoundmethylationofnon-CpGsequences.Thisvalidatedtwobioinformaticsmethods forpredictinggenemethylation,thebiasinobservedtoexpectedratioofCpGdinucleotidesandthedensityofCpG/TpG single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP). Frequencies of genomic DNA methylation were determined for different developmental stages and castes using ms-AFLP assays. The genetic caste determination system (GCD) is probably the productofanancestralhybridizationeventbetweenP.barbatusandP.rugosus.Twolineagesobligatelyco-occurwithin aGCDpopulation,andqueensarederivedfromintra-lineage matingswhereasworkers areproduced frominter-lineage matings. Relative DNA methylation levels of queens and workers from GCD lineages (contemporary hybrids) were not significantlydifferentuntiladulthood.VirginqueenshadsignificantlyhigherrelativelevelsofDNAmethylationcomparedto workers. Worker DNA methylation did not vary among developmental stages within each lineage, but was significantly differentbetweenthecurrentlyhybridizinglineages.Finally