Potential Hazard to Human Health from Exposure to Fragments of Lead Bullets and Shot in the Tissues of Game Animals 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Potential Hazard to Human Health from Exposure to Fragments of Lead Bullets and Shot in the Tissues of Game Animals 英文参考文献.doc

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Potential Hazard to Human Health from Exposure to Fragments of Lead Bullets and Shot in the Tissues of Game Animals 英文参考文献

PotentialHazardtoHumanHealthfromExposureto FragmentsofLeadBulletsandShotintheTissuesof GameAnimals DeborahJ.Pain1*,RuthL.Cromie1,JuliaNewth1,MartinJ.Brown1,EricCrutcher2,PippaHardman1, LouiseHurst1,RafaelMateo3,AndrewA.Meharg4,AnnetteC.Moran4,AndreaRaab4,MarkA.Taggart3, RhysE.Green5,6 1Wildfowl Wetlands Trust, Slimbridge, Gloucestershire, United Kingdom, 2Residues Surveillance Unit, Veterinary Medicines Directorate, Addlestone, Surrey, United Kingdom,3InstitutodeInvestigacio′nenRecursosCinege′ticos,IREC(CSIC-UCLM-JCCM),CiudadReal,Spain,4InstituteofBiologicalEnvironmentalSciences,Universityof Aberdeen,Aberdeen,UnitedKingdom,5RoyalSocietyfortheProtectionofBirds,Sandy,Bedfordshire,UnitedKingdom,6ConservationScienceGroup,Departmentof Zoology,UniversityofCambridge,Cambridge,UnitedKingdom Abstract Background:Leadishighlytoxictoanimals.Humanseatinggamekilledusingleadammunitiongenerallyavoidswallowing shotorbulletsanddietaryleadexposurefromthissourcehasbeenconsideredlow.Recentevidenceillustratesthatlead bulletsfragmentonimpact,leavingsmallleadparticleswidelydistributedingametissues.Ourpaperaskswhetherlead gunshot pellets also fragment upon impact, and whether lead derived from spent gunshot and bullets in the tissues of gameanimalscouldposeathreattohumanhealth. Methodology/Principal Findings: Wild-shot gamebirds (6 species) obtained in the UK were X-rayed to determine the number of shot and shot fragments present, and cooked using typical methods. Shot were then removed to simulate realisticpracticebeforeconsumption,andleadconcentrationsdetermined.DatafromtheVeterinaryMedicinesDirectorate StatutorySurveillanceProgrammedocumentingleadlevelsinrawtissuesofwildgamebirdsanddeer,withoutshotbeing removed,arealsopresented.Gamebirdscontaining$5shothadhightissueleadconcentrations,butsomewithfewerorno shotalsohadhighleadconcentrations,confirmingX-rayresultsindicatingthatsmallleadfragmentsremaininthefleshof birds even when the shot exits the body. A high proportion of samples from b