Predicting the Future Mirror Neurons Reflect the Intentions of Others 英文参考文献.docVIP

Open access, freely available online Synopses of Research Articles Tubeworm May Live Longer by Cycling Its Sulfur Downward DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0030108 Any organism may be limited by some essential nutrient in short supply—nitrogen for a plant on poor soil, for instance, or iron for phytoplankton in the open ocean. For the long-lived tubeworm Lamellibrachia luymesi, what it needs most and has least is sul?de. L. luymesi lives survival increases to over 250 years, matching the longevity of actual living tubeworms.The model, which was based largely on empirical data, is relatively unperturbed by changes in hydrocarbon seep rate, or in the growth and recruitment rates for the colony.The authors note that clustered around hydrocarbon- the proposed return of sulfate into deep sediments would, in theory, increase the local rate of carbonate rock formation, creating a barrier to ?uid circulation into the sediments.Their model predicts this to occur after about 50 years, in line with observed reductions in tubeworm recruitment in colonies of this age.They propose that releasing ocean ?oor seeps in the Gulf of Mexico, and it—or rather, its menagerie of internal bacterial symbionts—uses the high-energy sul?de the way plants use sunlight, extracting energy and releasing the waste products, in this case sulfate. With a lifespan of up to 250 years, L. luymesi is among the carbonate precipitation may be longest-lived of all animals, but inhibited if roots can also release how it obtains suf?cient sul?de to keep going for this long has been a mystery. In this issue, Erik Cordes and colleagues propose a model in which, by releasing its waste hydrogen ions, a possibility open to further testing.Their model also explains several biogeochemical anomalies observed near tubeworm colonies, including sulfate not up into the ocean but down into the sediments, L. elevated levels of highly degraded hydrocarbons and higher than luymesi stimulates the growth of sul?de-producing mi