Prospects for surviving climate change in Antarctic aquatic species 英文参考文献.docVIP

Frontiers in Zoology BioMedCentral Review Open Access Prospects for surviving climate change in Antarctic aquatic species Lloyd S Peck* Address: Natural Environment Research Council, British Antarctic Survey, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ET, UK Email: Lloyd S Peck* - l.peck@bas.ac.uk * Corresponding author Published: 06 June 2005 Received: 11 February 2005 Accepted: 06 June 2005 Frontiers in Zoology 2005, 2:9 doi:10.1186/1742-9994-2-9 This article is available from: /content/2/1/9 ? 2005 Peck; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Abstract Maritime Antarctic freshwater habitats are amongst the fastest changing environments on Earth. Temperatures have risen around 1°C and ice cover has dramatically decreased in 15 years. Few animal species inhabit these sites, but the fairy shrimp Branchinecta gaini typifies those that do. This species survives up to 25°C daily temperature fluctuations in summer and passes winter as eggs at temperatures down to -25°C. Its annual temperature envelope is, therefore around 50°C. This is typical of Antarctic terrestrial species, which exhibit great physiological flexibility in coping with temperature fluctuations. The rapidly changing conditions in the Maritime Antarctic are enhancing fitness in these species by increasing the time available for feeding, growth and reproduction, as well as increasing productivity in lakes. The future problem these animals face is via displacement by alien species from lower latitudes. Such invasions are now well documented from sub-Antarctic sites. In contrast the marine Antarctic environment has very stable temperatures. However, seasonality is intense with very short summers and long winter periods o