Recent Advances in Polymeric Materials Used as Electron Mediators and Immobilizing Matrices in Developing Enzyme Electrodes 英文参考文献.docVIP

Sensors 2012, 12, 923-953; doi:10.3390/s120100923 OPEN ACCESS sensors ISSN 1424-8220 /journal/sensors Review Recent Advances in Polymeric Materials Used as Electron Mediators and Immobilizing Matrices in Developing Enzyme Electrodes Mambo Moyo 1,*, Jonathan O. Okonkwo 1 and Nana M. Agyei 2 1 Department of Environmental, Water, and Earth Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Arcadia, Pretoria 0001, South Africa; E-Mail: OkonkwoOJ@tut.ac.za 2 Department of Chemistry, University of Limpopo, P.O. Box 235, Medunsa 0204, South Africa; E-Mail: agyei@ul.ac.za * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: moyom@msu.ac.zw; Tel.: +27-83-984-7553. Received: 14 December 2011; in revised form: 15 January 2012 / Accepted: 16 January 2012 / Published: 16 January 2012 Abstract: Different classes of polymeric materials such as nanomaterials, sol-gel materials, conducting polymers, functional polymers and biomaterials have been used in the design of sensors and biosensors. Various methods have been used, for example from direct adsorption, covalent bonding, crossing-linking with glutaraldehyde on composites to mixing the enzymes or use of functionalized beads for the design of sensors and biosensors using these polymeric materials in recent years. It is widely acknowledged that analytical sensing at electrodes modified with polymeric materials results in low detection limits, high sensitivities, lower applied potential, good stability, efficient electron transfer and easier immobilization of enzymes on electrodes such that sensing and biosensing of environmental pollutants is made easier. However, there are a number of challenges to be addressed in order to fulfill the applications of polymeric based polymers such as cost and shortening the long laboratory synthetic pathways involved in sensor preparation. Furthermore, the toxicological effects on flora