Responding to AIDS, Tuberculosis, Malaria, and Emerging Infectious Diseases in Burma Dilemmas of Policy and Practice 英文参考文献.docVIP

loicPy Forum Responding to AIDS, Tuberculosis, Malaria, and Emerging Infectious Diseases in Burma: Dilemmas of Policy and Practice Chris Beyrer , Voravit Suwanvanichkij, Luke C. Mullany, Adam K. Richards, Nicole Franck, Aaron Samuels, Thomas J. Lee * I n 2004 the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria (“Global Fund”) awarded program grants to Burma (Myanmar) totaling US$98.4 million over ?ve years— recognizing the severity of Burma’s HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis (TB) epidemics, and noting that malaria was the leading cause of morbidity and mortality, and the leading killer of children under ?ve years old [1]. For those individuals working in health in Burma, these grants were welcome, indeed [2]. In that same year, Burma’s DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0030393.g001 authoritarian military regime—the State Peace and Development Council (SPDC)—was accused of severe and ongoing human rights violations, and United Nations Secretary General Ko? Annan appointed a Special Rapportuer on Human Rights, signaling a high level of concern about the junta’s governance. Given these occurrences, the Global Fund imposed additional safeguards on their Burma grants— including additional monitoring of activities and expenditures—and requested and received written Figure 1. Distribution of Reported Malaria Deaths in Southeast Asia, 2003 Burma accounts for about 7% of malaria cases reported in Southeast Asia, including India, yet over half the malaria deaths in the region occur in this country. Source: WHO, SEAR [75] project implementation areas, and having added additional procedures to the procurement of medical supplies. Despite the statement from the Global Fund, some individuals involved in health within Burma have argued that political pressure from the United States played a role in the withdrawal. In the same month, the executive director of the World Food Programme visited Burma and called for a relaxation of government controls on the procurement and distribution of fo