Retroviral enhancer detection insertions in zebrafish combined with comparative genomics reveal genomic regulatory blocks - a fundamental feature of vertebrate genomes 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Retroviral enhancer detection insertions in zebrafish combined with comparative genomics reveal genomic regulatory blocks - a fundamental feature of vertebrate genomes 英文参考文献.doc

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Retroviral enhancer detection insertions in zebrafish combined with comparative genomics reveal genomic regulatory blocks - a fundamental feature of vertebrate genomes 英文参考文献

Review Retroviral enhancer detection insertions in zebrafish combined with comparative genomics reveal genomic regulatory blocks - a fundamental feature of vertebrate genomes Hiroshi Kikuta*?, David Fredman*?, Silke Rinkwitz*, Boris Lenhard*? and Thomas S Becker* *Sars Centre for Marine Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, Thormoehlensgate, 5008 Bergen, Norway. ?Present address: Division of Molecular and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Genetics, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan. ?Computational Biology Unit, University of Bergen, Thormoehlensgate, 5008 Bergen, Norway. Correspondence: Boris Lenhard. E-mail: Boris.Lenhard@bccs.uib.no. Thomas S Becker. E-mail: Tom.Becker@sars.uib.no Published: 31 October 2007 Genome Biology 2007, 8(Suppl 1):S4 (doi:10.1186/gb-2007-8-S1-S4) The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at /2007/8/S1/S4 ? 2007 BioMed Central Ltd Abstract A large-scale enhancer detection screen was performed in the zebrafish using a retroviral vector carrying a basal promoter and a fluorescent protein reporter cassette. Analysis of insertional hotspots uncovered areas around developmental regulatory genes in which an insertion results in the same global expression pattern, irrespective of exact position. These areas coincide with vertebrate chromosomal segments containing identical gene order; a phenomenon known as conserved synteny and thought to be a vestige of evolution. Genomic comparative studies have found large numbers of highly conserved noncoding elements (HCNEs) spanning these and other loci. HCNEs are thought to act as transcriptional enhancers based on the finding that many of those that have been tested direct tissue specific expression in transient or transgenic assays. Although gene order in hox and other gene clusters has long been known to be conserved because of shared regulatory sequen