Reviving the African Wolf Canis lupus lupaster in North and West Africa A Mitochondrial Lineage Ranging More than 6,000 km Wide 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Reviving the African Wolf Canis lupus lupaster in North and West Africa A Mitochondrial Lineage Ranging More than 6,000 km Wide 英文参考文献.doc

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Reviving the African Wolf Canis lupus lupaster in North and West Africa A Mitochondrial Lineage Ranging More than 6,000 km Wide 英文参考文献

RevivingtheAfricanWolfCanislupuslupasterinNorth andWestAfrica:AMitochondrialLineageRangingMore than6,000kmWide PhilippeGaubert1*,Ce′cileBloch2,SlimBenyacoub3,AdnanAbdelhamid4,PaoloPagani5,ChabiAde′ye`mi MarcSylvestreDjagoun6,ArnaudCouloux7,SylvainDufour2 1UMRBOREAIRD207,Muse′umNationald’HistoireNaturelle,Paris,France,2SYLVATROP,Nantes,France,3Laboratoired’EcologiedesSyste`mesTerrestresetAquatiques, Faculte′ desSciences,Universite′ d’Annaba,Alge′rie, 4EgyptianEnvironmentalAffairsAgency,NatureConservationSector,Cairo,Egypt,5DutchWildlifeHealthCentre, Utrecht, The Netherlands, 6Laboratoire d’Ecologie Applique′e, Faculte′ des Sciences Agronomiques, Universite′ d’Abomey-Calavi,Cotonou, Benin, 7Genoscope, Centre NationaldeSe′quenc?age, Evry,France Abstract TherecentdiscoveryofalineageofgraywolfinNorth-EastAfricasuggeststhepresenceofacrypticcanidonthecontinent, theAfrican wolf Canis lupuslupaster.We analyzed themtDNA diversity (cytochrome b andcontrol region) of a series of AfricanCanisincludingwolf-likeanimalsfromNorthandWestAfrica.OurobjectivesweretoassesstheactualrangeofC.l. lupaster, to further estimate the genetic characteristics and demographic history of its lineage, and to question its taxonomicdelineationfromthegoldenjackalC.aureus,withwhichithasbeenconsideredsynonymous.Weconfirmedthe existenceoffourdistinctlineageswithinthegraywolf,includingC.lupus/familiaris(Holarcticwolvesanddogs),C.l.pallipes, C. l. chanco and C. l. lupaster. Taxonomic assignment procedures identified wolf-like individuals from Algeria, Mali and Senegal, asbelonging toC. l.lupaster,expandingits knowndistribution c.6,000kmtothewest. Weestimated thatthe Africanwolflineage(i)hadthehighestlevelofgeneticdiversitywithinC.lupus,(ii)coalescedduringtheLatePleistocene, contemporaneously with Holarctic wolves and dogs, and (iii) had an effective population size of c. 80,000 females. Our resultssuggestthattheAfricanwolfisarelativelyancientgraywolflineagewithafairlylarge,pasteffectivepopulationsize