Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta) Are Natural Hosts of Specific Staphylococcus aureus Lineages 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta) Are Natural Hosts of Specific Staphylococcus aureus Lineages 英文参考文献.doc

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Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta) Are Natural Hosts of Specific Staphylococcus aureus Lineages 英文参考文献

RhesusMacaques(Macacamulatta)AreNaturalHostsof SpecificStaphylococcusaureusLineages SannevandenBerg1*,WillemJ.B.vanWamel1,SusanV.Snijders1,BoudewijnOuwerling2,Corne′ P.de Vogel1,He′le`neA.Boelens1,RobJ.L.Willems3,XanderW.Huijsdens4,FrankA.W.Verreck5 ,Ivanela Kondova2,PeterJ.Heidt2,HenriA.Verbrugh1,AlexvanBelkum1 1DepartmentofMedicalMicrobiologyandInfectiousDiseases,ErasmusMC,Rotterdam,TheNetherlands,2AnimalScienceDepartment,BiomedicalPrimateResearch Centre,Rijswijk,TheNetherlands,3DepartmentofMedicalMicrobiology,UniversityMedicalCentreUtrecht,Utrecht,TheNetherlands,4LaboratoryforInfectiousDiseases andScreening,NationalInstituteforPublicHealthandtheEnvironment,Bilthoven,TheNetherlands,5DepartmentofParasitology,BiomedicalPrimateResearchCentre, Rijswijk,TheNetherlands Abstract Currently,thereisnoanimalmodelknownthatmimicsnaturalnasalcolonizationbyStaphylococcusaureusinhumans.We investigatedwhetherrhesusmacaquesarenaturalnasalcarriersofS.aureus.Nasalswabsweretakenfrom731macaques.S. aureus isolates were typed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), spa repeat sequencing and multi-locus sequence typing(MLST),andcomparedwithhumanstrains.Furthermore,theisolateswerecharacterizedbyseveralPCRs.Thirty-nine percentof731macaqueswerepositiveforS.aureus.Ingeneral,themacaqueS.aureusisolatesdifferedfromhumanstrains asthey formedseparate PFGE clusters, 50% of theisolateswere untypeable by agr genotyping, 17new spa types were identified, whichallbelonged tonew sequencetypes (STs).Furthermore, 66% ofmacaqueisolates werenegativefor all superantigen genes. To determine S. aureus nasal colonization, three nasal swabs from 48 duo-housed macaques were taken during a 5 month period. In addition, sera were analyzed for immunoglobulin G and A levels directed against 40 staphylococcalproteinsusingabead-basedflowcytometrytechnique.NineteenpercentoftheanimalswerenegativeforS. aureus, and 17% were three times positive. S. aureus strains were easily exchanged between macaques. The ant